The Life of Mind

Riza Abilova Id 20120438 ARW I, Section 4 Date March 29, 2013 intervention essay Second draft Does is living with little(prenominal) have a beneficial influence on nations invigoration in U. S? A persons lifestyle is equivalent a mirror. It shows who and what a person is, what he or she does, how he or she curry and what conditions he or she prefers. Some concourse are happy with a small amount of m angiotensin-converting enzymey with comfortable living while others trust to earn bombastic amounts of money and become rich. However, living with less is like having minimalist lifestyle which involves material limitations, less consumption, much space, less extra possessions and so on.Furthermore, as Graham Hill (2013) entrepreneur and founder of LifeEduited. com and TreeHugger. com reports, I sleep collapse knowing Im not development more resources than I need. I have less and en wallow more (n. p) (as cited on www. ny meters. com). Living with less brings appreciably mo re satisfaction, relaxation and enjoyment. Moreover, mass will not get attached to things. For one thing, people who regard on their possessions and luxury life, in many cases lose part of life that is in reality important. The minimalist lifestyle in U.S is a beneficial style to allow pleasure and better health and spending less snip on saucily technologies still on the other hand people get losing this knowledge of juvenile society of this country. One of the advantages of living with less in U. S is that people can take more joy and time. Living with fewer possessions is not only having joy exclusively too is very closely related to the times and technology. The fewer possessions you have to irritate about, the more time you have to spend with friends, family or in character or beautiful places in life. Technology is incredible and infinitely developing, but occupies most of our time.For example social technology provides the ability to connect, communicate and withal play games and others. As Albert Einstein who speculative physicist and one of the founders of modern theoretical physics (1921) demonstrated, It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. (n. p) However, one should note here that technologies can take away a large part of the time of your life. If on the one hand it can be said that it is beneficial having enjoyment and more time, the same is true for better health.Another beneficial advantage of living with reducing possessions in the join States is that people feel less stress. Living with less material stuff allows people the ability to not worry about their obligations. Therefore, living with fewer possessions allows less worrying about obligations which includes cleaning, repairing, breaking, and obsolete of these materials. Material objects not only hold out to physical fatigue but rowdyisms like depression too. As American Psychiatric Association (2011) shows, depression is a common an d highly treatable disorder affection over 17 million American adults annually (n. ). It is loosely agreed that stress and nervous feelings brings a negative effect on disorders. With living with less stuff, you can avoid depression and aggression by obligations of items. Another way of looking to this lifestyle, it is about surplus of knowledge of rising technologies. One of the unbeneficial ways of living with less is that using less modern technologies. For instance, if people stick to this way of life, and they prefer not to use the new technologies, gadgets and other things, it will be bad influence on the geological formation of person as a modern one.Many people will calculate as a primitive man who is absolutely nothing know, it is rocky to have a dialogue with someone who cannot understand what others mean. Likewise, as Jonas Salk who was an American medical researcher and virologist (1979) shows, This is perhaps the most beautiful time in human history it is really pre gnant with all kinds of creative possibilities make possible by science and technology which now constitute the hard worker of man if man is not enslaved by it(n. p) . In reality, all technologies are developing that is wherefore future without him nothing would do.The most importantly is that being a successful person makes a big influence on the skill of modern technology not only for work but also for self-improvement. One should, however, not forget that if people have wish of knowledge of new technologies, in many cases, they cant stripping perspective job to successful career. Our modern world is difficult to cypher with lack of knowledge of computer technology, and successful professional worker without this knowledge. The United States is one of the most highly developed states in the world that is why new technological hings have an important part of their life. A minimalist lifestyle offers the enormous benefits and if Americans want to take more joy and time and fe el less stress, they need to start living with less. As Julie Schor who is a professor of Sociology at Boston College (2002) shows, we need to invest more heart and soul into material objects to slow down the buy-use-discard cycle of U. S. consumer goods(p45-60). This means, society of this country should really think about material possessions, whether want to buy it, whether it is beneficial or useful etc.

“Othello” By William Shakespeare Essay

William Shakespeares Othello I feel is unrivaled of the most interesting plays Shakespeare wrote. Its hard to grade down a play beca engagement you dont know what happens next. What I think made this play great was that it has a villain burn down the motive, which makes the play more interesting for me. Othello takes you on an adventure that makes you a state of ware of whom you merchant ship and cannot trust and who are your neat friends. You cant always retrieve what you hear.In the beginning of act one Roderigo (a wealthy Venetian gentleman) and Iago (Villain, Othellos ancient) tells Brabantio who is Desdemonas father that his daughter eloped and shes having sex and she exit nourish the devils children. Othello was accused of tricking Desdemona into marrying him because they sneaked away and eloped. Since Othello is black they assume that Desdemona was tricked since no one at this time would marry a black man. Brabantio takes Othello to the duke to settle the matter. Othe llo says to the Duke and to the others to send for Desdemona and she herself will tell that she married Othello willingly and by her own choice. When Desdemona arrives she tells each(prenominal) that she loves Othello. Desdemona was attracted to his war stories and his adventures of his world travel.The love that Desdemona feels for Othello is on the inside not the appearside. In bring back Othello loves Desdemona because she is young and beautiful and he respects her. Now Iago is jealous that Othello chose Cassio (Othellos deputy sheriff and is part of the framework on Desdemona and does not know it and he is the foil of Othello) as his Lieutenant. Iago is to a fault jealous everywhere Othello because he wants his life. He hates Othello yet has no reason to so he makes up these problems and manipulates. Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and Iago tells him that he could have her if he sells his land and gives Iago the money and he will buy all these jewels and he will give th em to Desmonda. Iago is a manipulator.In Act two Iago in his crazy mind pretends to conceive that Cassio is in love with Desdemona. Iago acts on this and starts manipulating others more. Iagotells Othello that Cassio and Desdemona are in love with for each one other. Iago wants to turn Othello against Cassio and fire him from his Lieutenant position. This was the night that Othello and Desdemona were celebrating their wedding. When they leave Iago flummoxs Cassio drunk because Iago knows Cassio cant handle alcohol and will not be apprised of his air. Then Iago tells Montano (Othellos predecessor in the government of cypress) Cassio is drunk and tells Roderigo to defend Cassio.During the fight Cassio hurts Roderigo and Montano because Montano was breaking the fight up. Othello molds out about Cassios behavior and takes his Lieutenants position away. Cassio is hurt by Othellos decision, so Iago tell Cassio to talk to Desdemona and she will servicing get his job back. Iago also tells Roderigo that Cassio was fired. Roderigo now has hope that he will be with Desdemona. Iago tells Emelia (his wife) to make certainly Cassio talks to Desdemona. The only reason he wants this is so Othello will jaw them and he will think Desdemona is untrusty.In Act three Cassio is talk with Iago and tells him he made plans to meet with Desdemona. Iago tell him he will help him. Cassio in the long run meets with Desdemona and she tells him that Othello facilitate loves him very much and she will do all she can to help him get his job back she will prescribe in a good word for him. From a far Iago is with Othello he planned it that way so Othello would see Desdemona and Cassio together. Iago begins to brain wash Othello into accept Desdemona is treasonous to him. Othello is vulnerable to Iagos insinuation because he doesnt mean Iago would lie to him. Othello considers Iago to be a straight friend because they had fought in wars together. other reason Othello questio ns Desdemonas loyalty was because she was able to deceive her father who she love very much so she could easily deceive him. When Othello sees Desdemona after this he is still in shock and tells her that he has a headache and needs to lay down.Desdemona while talking to Othello drops her hankie (her first gift from Othello it was his mothers). genus Emilia finds the handkerchief and gives it to Iago. Iago in his sneaky way knows he can use this to manipulate the situation. Iago plants it in Cassios home so Cassio will find it (he does not know its Desdemonas). Othello does not yet confide that Desdemona is unfaithful and Othello wants proof from Iago. Iago tells Othello that he sawCassio with Desdemonas handkerchief Othello then makes Iago his Lieutenant and wants Cassio killed which is Iagos responsibility and Othello would take care of Desdemona. Desdemona now is disembodied spiriting for her handkerchief and mentions it to Emilia Emilia denies ever seeing it. Othello asks Des demona for the handkerchief and she tells him it is not unconnected she has just misplaced it. Desdemona begins to ask Othello about Cassio and he yells at her and sends her away. Desdemona runs into Cassio and explains to him that her support him get his job back isnt going well. Also Cassio make the handkerchief in his house and gives it to his mistress Bianca.In Act cardinal Iago is still his usual manipulating self. He is still manipulating Othello by telltale(a) him Desdemona is unfaithful to him and fooling somewhat with Cassio. What hurts Othello most is that the handkerchief is missing and Iago tells him she gave it to Cassio. Iago starts talking to Cassio and communicate him things about his mistress. Now from the other side Othello is watching and he thinks that Cassio is verbalise Iago about him and Desdemona then Cassios mistress shows up and throws the handkerchief at Cassio and fights with him. Iago then makes Othello believe that he must kill Desdemona because what she has done and he will kill Cassio. Othello meets with Emilia and asks her if Desdemona is unfaithful to him by fooling around with Cassio. Emilia explains that nothing is happening between them and their relationship is strictly platonic. Othello finally confronts Desdemona in the bedroom with Emilia by her side helping her get ready for bed as they talk about the situation. At this blockage Desdemonas depressed.Act five starts out on the street with Iago and Roderigo. Iago is telling Roderigo how to kill Cassio. Iago at this point is nervous because Roderigo keeps asking about the money he gave Iago that he was supposed to give to Desdemona. Cassio comes by and Roderigo starts to attack Cassio but Cassio stabs him first, then Iago stabs Cassio from behind. Iago then stabs Roderigo one more time and kills him to make it bet as if he was protecting Cassio. Bianca comes to attend Cassio and Iago points fingers at her trying to make it seem she is guilty so no one is suspici ous of him. The next scene takes place in Othello and Desdemonas room. Desdemona is still asleep and Othello kisses her. She awakes and Othello asks her if she has prayed, sowhen she dies her soul will go to heaven. Desdemona is still anomic on what wrong she has done.Othello confesses that he knows she gave Cassio her handkerchief, which means she has been sleeping with him. Desdemona tells Othello she is innocent and to title for Cassio and he will tell the truth, that nothing happened between them. Othello tells her Cassio is dead and he confessed as he died. Othello and Desdemona go on arguing and Desdemona tries to make Othello believe that she has always loved him and been faithful to him. Othello looks at her and then kills her. Emilia comes in and Othello tells her he has killed Desdemona and in Desdemonas last breath she says she did it to herself making Othello look innocent. Emilia tells Othello that she found the handkerchief and gave it to Iago. Iago is now seen as gu ilty and kills his wife by stabbing her. Iago leaves and runs but is captured and comes back with Cassio and Lodovico. Othello then stabs Iago. Lodovico now finds out that Iago and Othello tried to have Cassio killed and were behind it. Cassio explains he found the handkerchief Iago confesses that he planted it in his room. Othello ultimately kills himself over the grief he feels.The true identity of who your friends are may surprise you. Othello is proof that greed and true bitterness can cause more damage then in the first place intended. Othello is a weak character that is easily convinced of wrong demeanor that never happened. His mind set on believing his friend over his wife is his ultimate downfall. The human mind is fickle and Shakespeare makes this the common proposition throughout the play.

General management assignment Essay

INTRODUCTION (kfc )Micro environs factors which the brass instrument controls . eg employees product ,price ,place and promotion, it locoweed be considered to be the local environment where commerce operates and owners atomic number 18 sure of the impacts that they atomic number 18 faced with. Macro environment factors are the ones which the organisation does non control and may affect the business . eg political , economic, affable, sub judice and expert factors. the environment are everlastingly changing so the companies must always adapt. Market environtment the act outside merchandising management ability to micturate and maintain a succefull relationship with customers ,the environment always change and two customers and marters wonder what the future allow for bringMAIN BODYTHE remote FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE ORGANISATIONMICRO ENVIRONMENT EXTERNAL FACTORSCUSTOMERSAll businesses filliness customers ,they should be well balanced around customers .The companys trade plan should aim to attract customers through products that meets their ineluctably and wants and good customers expediencyEMPLOYEEEmploying staff with good skills and experience is essential. Employees bring an influence on your business via ongoing study and promotion opportunities ,this transit begins at recruitment gift .Training and development play a critical role in achieving a competitive edgeMEDIAMedia can be printed ,televised or inline ,positive media can cause the organisation or its product and negative media can break the organisation . an organisation needs to manage the media so that the media can do recruit positive things about them and reduce negative event on their reputation.providerSupplier provides the business with the goods they need to carry out their business activities. A suppliers behaviour will impact the business it suppliers If a supplier provides execrable service this could increase timescales and product fiber,and increase in raw stuff and nonsenseTHE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE COMPETITIVE POSITION OF THEORGANISATIONMACRO ENVIRONMENT FACTORSPOLITICThis deals with the political sympathies policies and procedures which is worked out through legislation and consist of all legal factors such(prenominal) asGovernmemt view on culture and religion.Taxation policy on tax rates and incentives.Political factor cans can create advantages and opportunities for organisation. scotchKFC organisation is affected with national and global economic factors like live of labour, inte wait and inflation rates ,economic growth rates business steering wheel rates and unemployment rates. due to recession the income of the kfc has dropped down and most of the employees were af sportyless and the rest employees were employees few hours also the company had to cut down their costs favorableIt is the cultural and demographic aspects of the external macro environment. the pontential of the employees who come from contrary keister gr ounds and work together in the kfc , and customer trends and aspects which the kfc has to consider as per their needs and wants of the customer such as changes in lifestyles and change in customers needs and wants.TECHNOLOGYThis is driven internationally which reduce s the minimal of production levels and some of the technological factors are recent technological developments. chat technology has now become the most important aspect in kfc as when the customers are mostly delighted and satisfied with the service including the latest technology that is available in the Kfc.the latest technological method that are used to serve customers faster are such as digital screens ,wireless head phone for the staff cooking utensils.LEGALThe kfc has to maintain territorial dominion and regulations related to the hygiene factors such as employee training regarding the food and safety, own(prenominal) hygiene ,Clean work environment and proper use of the utensils .this also deals with the le gal environment in which the company operates.ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNINGStrength ,Weaknesses. Opportunities and threats .Managers will oblige to start analyzing the internal environment by looking into ineffciencies internal the organisation and will also look outside to the external environment and things taking place independent of the organisation. environmental scans allow managers to use the familiarity gained during the scanning process to decide what strategic steps the organisation needs to take to create a competitive advantage.CONCLUTIONTraining and development ,managers help with day to day running of the organisation.the must be responsible in creating an energetic and valuable work environment and customer service .Ensuraing quality products and cleanliness is delivered to all customers at good speed and with a smile . scruple 22.1 READ THE CASE study one from chapter three of your plus textbook 2.1.1 Answer question 1to 3 from the case study1. Do you th ink at that place is a business opportunity for a cigar seal off in Mamelodi ? There is no business opportunity in Mamelodi because there are three cigar bars in opened and the can grocery store is so young.2. Is the window of opportunity still open for cigar bars ? window of opportunities is not opened ,because already they have three cigar Bars which their their target market is young.3. How must Sanyana go about exploiting this opportunity to get started ?Sanyana must go to an area that is has no cigar bars and busy market2.2 You have been appointed as a functional manager .You are in charge of trade incision .You need to revise the current marketing strategy. Answer the following questions in light of your new appointment and job taskHow can you apply planning, organising , leading and control to manage this department?Managing a department is skill that requires good planning and development and enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions and implement action . Planning is the process of determining in advance what cost regardless of whether it is a long term priorities. Selecting, Motivating, training and appraising staff. Establishing Strustures and systems through which activities are arranged. Making decisions embodying decisions in instructions an overhaul as the leader of the department interrelating the various parts of the work. What skills you need to use and develop in order to manage this department? great deal skill people tend to work with those whom they like or rule pleasant to be around ,or atleast have good personalities when dealing with clients.. proficient skill In the world that we are living in marketing professionals must have the technological skills to take advantage of these mediums . selling through social networking allows the communication of media campaigns and marketing promotions in realtimeto consumers. Project management skill Marketing must display the skill set to conduct agile protrusion manag ement where marketing campaigns take advantage of the micro opportunities.. Marketing look skill This can help determine how previous products in the market have been presented to consumers and how a new productcan best be attack the market .Is decision making essential for future planning ?explain wherefore Decision needto made wisely under modifying circumstances with different amount of knowledge about alternatives and consequences.In extention the decision making is frequently a group process. Consequently the manager must apply principles of republican decision making since those involved in the decision making process will feel an interest in the result of the process. You need to pronounce employees in the department. how can control assist you with performance appraisalEmployees are going to be appraised on all areas that they are responsible for by means of scoring system on how they are doing with their present duties fair , good or very good .that appraisal can be a great tool to monitor and control performance on their duties.

Communications: The Mechanistic Perspective Essay

Communication the plow on of transmitting and receiving ideas, education, and depicted objects. The rapid transmittance of info over long distances and ready access to information pay back become conspicuous and main(prenominal) features of clement society, especially in the preceding(a) 150 years.The encyclopedia definition of communication encompasses the ideas of exchanging a variety of hearts with differents. This is important to mobilize when looking at communication theory in spite of appearance an cheek.The whole process of communication theory inwardly organizations is real complex and is certainly one of the major particularors in determining whether an organization result succeed or not. The under handstioned paper deals with the different graphemes, influences and repairments within the realm of communication theory in organizations. shipway of conceptualizing communicationsIt is necessary to look at the problem from many viewpoints to commis erate how communications argon performed within an organization. These include mental, systems-fundamental interaction, interpretive-symbolic, and mechanistic. All of these areas are very important to understand the whole picture, plainly the focus of this paper will be in the mechanistic perspective.Mechanistic Perspectiveinformation within an organization determines their ability to make informed decisions and the impressiveness of those decisions is establish on the way they communicate. This mechanistic perspective on communications deals entirely with the message, the socialisation medium and factors that aid or detract from the process.In this model, communication is initiated by the transmitter through to the recipient role. Each process is then broken sight into bits of data that fanny be analyzed. The areas of importance are the ways in which the sender and receiver give perceptive processes to encode and decode the messages andthe fact that mental dis prescrib e is in the system.Any message from a sender to a receiver would puzzle exactly what the meaning is intended in a perfect world. It is very important that the sender feel outs exactly what they are trying to say and the receiver knows exactly what the sender is saying. The following congressman illustrates this point promiscuous and concise is what is desired within a ship building take in. If the contract does not describe exactly what is required, the contractor sess withdraw unneeded money for including those extras during the building stages. The Irving led Saint John Shipbuilding organization has made much(prenominal) more than their original contract for building the Canadian Patrol Frigates due to these arisings. It was even suggested that this was part of their contract plan from the beginning.In analyzing this slur, it was very elusive for the Canadian Department of National Defense (DND) to postulate for everything because of the complexity of the contract, the number of personnel on the contract theme team, and the fact that many iterations were required for DND and parliament prior to letting the contract. In fact, the writing was started ten years prior to the contract being let, so engine room had changed many of the basic assumptions or so the type of work to be done. communicatory and Non-Verbal CommunicationsInherent to trans care of messages are the verbal and non-verbal cues which aid in helping to decode a message.Verbal cues are dependent on language. Nuances intrinsic to a language evoke make the decipher difficult if not insurmountable even by soulfulness who uses the said(prenominal) language. This whitethorn be a local dialect or cross-country goings. Examples of cross-country differences would be English from England, Canada, and the united States. Each is the same language, precisely severally has separate nuances that can make it very difficult to decipher by someone from another country speaking the same lan guage. A face-to-face example is asking for a washroom in Southampton, England, at a rise station and being told that they did not moderate one. The word that I should wealthy person used was toilet.Dialects within a country can make it impossible to understand the original message. Another personal example is attempting to decipher someone from northwestern Newfoundland their dialect made it practical(prenominal)ly impossible to understand. The point is to utilize the best transmission method in order to sully the decoding difficulty for the receiver.Non-verbal cues are those expressions of emotions and attitudes toward another person and in regulating the interaction between people. The text organizes the cues into seven categories and includes devout examples, including milieu, proximity, posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye behaviour and vocalics. whizz area lacking within communications chapter was what the person is wearing, just was included in chapter 6, per ception and performance evaluations. Many books advocate impregnation for success. Some examples include shopping, salesperson and the big businessman. If you are going to shop at flea marts, dressing down is a good way to start the negociate process. A car salesperson should dress to carry that he is successful, but not ostentatious.In my profession, I dress towards the client establish on whether suit and tie or casual are the choice for the clients organization. This non-verbal cue can aid in preparing the initial psychological base for the remainder of the communication and ensure that it does not detract from the conversation while it is ongoing.Influences on CommunicationPhysical and personal factors influence communications. organizational goal influences physical factors, which deals with layout of the state of affairs, nets for communications, and the media selected for the message. Personal factors include the differences between individual styles, men and women, and cultures.Organizational DesignThe excogitation of the organization must(prenominal) be base on what the organization is attempting to accomplish. Technology can enable these designs to take on new meanings as methods become available to communicate as never before.The first place to look at is the design of the office. The typical office has space allocated based on position of the callee. A worker whitethorn be in a bull pen type of environment whereas the president will moderate a large office to show their particular status. Two personal examples include the Ship Repair Unit and Deloitte and Touche Consulting Group. Each has a typical office layout the workers are in offices with partitioned walls managers arrive outer offices, some with windows and the general manager has the largest, most pretentious office space. The communications tend to have very structured down and up paths. Methods of communications include computer email, voice mail, and written memos.Most cri tically, however, the knowing office building must clearly improve the quality of the employment for the individual, representing a major philosophical change in the office design. subsequently all, what is the electronically enhanced office intended to facilitate, if not the legalness, productivity, and well-being of the worker, and the supreme effectiveness of the organization.Traditional organizational design ideas are being challenged with the concepts of tele-commuting and virtual companies and offices. Technology has enabled us to plug into the office place anywhere in the world utilizing advanced telecommunications and computer advances. Many offices now have plastic office areas for their workers where they can sit down, plug in a laptop computer and have a phone, desk, and general office requirements available. When they are at their other office locations, they simply plug in to that particular location. All of this is crystalline to the sender or receiver of infor mation from that individual.An example is an advertising representation where a friend of mine works for in Toronto which has other offices in New York and Chicago. When he commutes tothese offices, he has all of the these resources available to him. This is transparent to his clients, who nevertheless conceives he does a wonderful job from his home office in Toronto. The types of communications are similar, with more emphasis based on digital transmissions (email and voicemail). I utilize voice mail effectively when on a client site by having a location for clients to call in for me and I can vet and prioritize my calls.Employment in the Information Age is undergoing a transformation which may cause as much dislocation as the move from farm to factories did in the 19th century. Studies portend that the ranks of those with alternative office arrangements will grow by 10 share or more every year during the remainder of the decade.The virtual attach to challenges communications within an organization even greater than present designs. This entity has allowed wee organizations to work as effectively through the use of advanced communications and allows larger companies to change the way they do business. Some of the requirements for a order to be effective in virtual space include gamey infrastructure for individual employees, including cellular phone, portable computer with communications contrary managing how do you know the person is doing their work? employees must have the veracious attributes to make it all work. When it does work, it works very well. The employee is either on a client site or at home and is more effectiveA personal example is a company in which I was a co-owner. This virtual company was a computer consulting fast specializing in Microsoft Office Integration. We had a management team from within Nova Scotia (5 people), programmers from around northwestward America, and clients from around the world. This organization was diff icult to run from the perspective of handing off information and brain-storming, but was very good at allowing each employee to work in their space of choice to increase productivity.The majority of the clients were local a firm handshake and the ability to look someone in the eye is hush up stronger than the pen and keyboard. The international clients tended to be software firms who were looking for someone to speculate a small portion of a project. The reason the business raneffectively was that the employees were suited to the environment. If the business was not as high tech orientated, I would be reluctant to state that it would work as effectively.The type of design of the organization must be orientated to their mission. As the communication interlock characteristics shows , the different types of networks are good at some things and poor at others. The tradeoffs are usually flexibility and satisfaction against errors with simple tasks.Risk to human life or catastrophic fa ilure was a point missing in network design.The text makes a number of good points about network design, but did not have an organization with strong side(prenominal) dissemination of information. This is important in more and more organizations as downsize is taking out layers of middle managers, the overall manager cannot control or handle all of the information volume, but the job must heretofore be done. The new managers require a horizontal flow of communications to get their job done.Personal FactorsThe personal factors within communications are more difficult to define. Consequently, they are also more difficult to improve upon. The text outlines very briefly some of those topic areas, including individual difference, culture differences, and male and female differences.Listening and Responding to-do is another area that inhibits or distorts the transmission of a message. The text deals with ways to be more effective in listening and responding to messages.A way to further analyze the effectuate of noise and barriers to communications within organizations is to study communications systems utilizing radio oftenness (RF) transmissions they have well documented aspects of noisewhich can be correspondent to other mediums. Modulation is the technique of employing information (the message) on a carrier wave signal and sending that signal to the receiver who then decodes it and gets the original transmission. Noise is what distorts that transmission. Different types of modulation techniques are utilized to cut down on the noise inherent to the medium utilized. Analog and digital communications employ all of the different types of modulation.The easiest modulation type (within the electronics) is amplitude modulation (AM) but which has the highest degree of susceptibility to noise. This is based on noise verges and the fact that scope noise can be so loud that the original message is lost. This is like to trying to tell somebody an important message i n a busy, noisy room. The background din can make the message almost impossible to hear and understand properly.The second technique is frequency modulation (FM) which is more difficult to encode and decode, but is less subject to noise. This is because the natural noises the stratosphere produces are not over broad frequency ranges. phase angle based modulation employs similar techniques, but uses phase differences to encode the information. This is analogous to listening to FM radio, which is close to what the original sounds like, but still seems washed-out in comparison to the real thing.Digital communications employ the same modulation techniques as analog communications, but have distinct advantages in conveying messages over analog systems. Analog transmissions have no clear-cut data it is all based on ramps of information. This would be analogous to the difference between an analog speed indicator and a digital one. The analog would give you a continuous representation, but has no distinct breaks the digital speedometer can only show you discrete amount of speed indications.In a digital system, the discrete data is only on or off. This makes it much easier to distinguish the actual data from the noise because the threshold between the two can be much greater (the linguistic communication used is decibels the difference between the receiving message and the noise). This discrete data can be manipulated to ensure that the message is correct this is referredto as error correction. A communications system analogous to this would be downloading information off the net profit and it error-checking at the receivers end to ensure the file is correct.The situation analogous to this entire noise discussion is that we would normally write something down if it was critical in order to ensure the information is transmitted justly (digital systems). If we are not worried about errors in transmission, we will convey our message through speech (analog systems ).The other points, including fatigue, time pressure, selective listening, status, observe judgments, and source credibility are very good observations on the barriers to messages.An example of using listening and responding within communications was the idea that I based my first company on producing multimedia applications. What possessed me to orient myself in that direction in 1991 was a statistic from the MIT media lab 10% of people remember what they hear, 20% remember what they read and 65% remember what they interact with. One area that was missing in the text discussion was that you can get people to remember by interacting with the message. This could be in the form of compact disc read-only memory computer based training, seminar, or one-on-one where the person is forced to think about the information being presented.Application of CommunicationsA good example of multiple types of communications within an organization is within a warship. A personal example is H.M.C.S. N ipigon a Canadian destroyer based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The primary purpose for a destroyer is for a weapons broadcast in which the Government of Canada can utilize to direct their policy.The organization must be robust enough to handle multiple contingencies, including release of life, loss of systems, and loss of communications. on that point is redundancy within departments (supply, engineering, operations) in orderto minify losing one critical person. Therefore, network design facilitated this by placing the key personnel at different areas in the ship during war time situations.. There are multiple ways to bureau systems via primary and backup power supplies. Again, to take for communications open within the systems in order to keep the vessel floating and fighting. There are also multiple ways for external and internal communications to occur. The communications control room (CCR) can patch a multitude of apparently dissimilar systems, including telephones, radios, an d digital computers. To minimize errors, the organization has a strict hierarchy with instructions as to the types of information to be handled by each person with the organization and how it will be distributed.This is related to the network design and the media types for information. The crew will train repeatedly in order to minimize errors. This is related to how to minimize the noise within the system. In this case, the noise would be the amount of information available and the pervade would be the voice procedures that personnel must utilize to talk two internally and externally. This is of vital importance if there are situations happening internally, including fires and floods, and externally, including ledger entry missiles, planes, ships and submarines.The communication does not stop within the ship. Depending on the scenario, it could be a contingency of Canadian warships, NATO warships, or another conglomeration where various platforms. Inputs could be coming from sat ellites, helicopters, intelligence, other ships, and planes. There are strict communications protocols and transmission types for this exchange of information employing cryptography and error correction in order to minimize the chance for error. Multiple forms of communications are at work in this scenario, but the reason it all works is due to the design of the organization.CritiqueThis chapter on communications dealt primarily with the mechanistic perspective. The other areas are needed to balance this sole focus on linear communications. deep down the mechanistic approach, there were some areas which were missing which I deemed vital. These included the network flow of the large horizontal organization, importance of reducing errors in missioncritical processes, and the application of technology. Communications in organizations having large horizontal driveway of information is critical to its success. As previously stated, the reduction of errors can be critical to human life and also to the success of an organization.Technology enablers have evolved so quickly that the types of hardware and software the authors talk about have changed. Concurrent engineering is a term used to describe 24 hour production of engineering problems by handing over the problems to destinations throughout the world. bell shape Northern Research utilizes this technique to dramatically improve their time to market for products. Not enough research was placed into the way new companies (virtual companies) can communicate more effectively. The world is getting smaller as communications become more effective and this text should reflect more of that type of communication.

Brand Equity to Customer Loyalty Essay

An examination of g circlee equity leading to guest doglikety in the clothing manufacturing using the Loyalty outpouring set.AbstractPurpose The aim of this newspaper publisher is to audition if in that respect is a cor affinity ming take with disfigure workforcet equity and sign faithfulness. The author im get off the ground search the sources of nock equity for three international clothing companies Abercrombie & wood pussy, attach & Spencer, H&M and apply each company to the Loyalty rill.methodological analysis Secondary literature was used through with(predicate)out this study, mainly including Annual Reports, pedantic Journals & Datamonitor reports.Findings All three companies look as a strong mark off calculate and they do concur legion(predicate) clients who argon truehearted to their products. All companies dumb rear offshoot in revenue in 2010. The companies examined are now in the process of growing their stockes in emerge trades. The faithfulness of guests does inhabit tho it is mainly due to the companies innovative merchandising strategies, which cause resulted in change magnitude revenues within the companies. Constant blot re-enforcement is extremely important to keep customers loyal to a home run.1.0 IntroductionKeller (1993) recognised twain reasons to study make committal for pecuniaryly establish reasons and to improve marketing productivity. Tolba & Hassan (2009) studied the correlation between grade equity and customer loyalty which has seen significant research everywhere the eld. The authors conducted an in-depth study of 17 brands within the auto ready industry. The findings showed that loyalty and satisfaction were the strongest predictors of brand preference and intention to purchase. The research was broken master into three areas those who had never tried the brand, those who had tried once and those who had purchased the product. ( bring down run intos 1.0-1.2).For those who ha d never tried the brand, they would not have been satisfied or loyal to a brand as they had never tired it. Perceptions of the brands kitchen range and value towards the brand impacted the results, therefore branding is fundamental in creating a personality and image of the brand that the customer can relate to. Patwardhan & Balasubramanian (2011) have taken brand equity unmatched step further and discuss consumer attraction to brands. The authors believe that attraction and mash with a brand go out growth loyalty to a postgraduate level a deeper and much intense level. The customer will experience security and trust the brand.We define brand squelch as a state of emotional attachment (evoked in response to the brand as a stimulus) that is characterized by strong positive affect toward the brand, high arousal caused by the brand, and a tendency of the brand to dominate the consumers cognition. home run chat up is subject-specific. Different consumers may enjoy different levels of romance with find to the same brand.Pawardhan & Balasubramanian conducted a study on numerous undergraduate students and asked them specific questions in relation to brand loyalty. The outcome of the study found that brand romance did exist even though the feelings and emotions behind the romance were not explained. There were a certain brands which kept re-occurring as brands with which students felt romantic about. These were Nike, Ford, Coca Cola, Dr. Pepper, Cingular, Sprint and Abercrombie & foumart.The author of this paper believes that if marketing managers could attach this idea and connect customers emotions and feelings to their brands, it may increase loyalty especially in such a belligerent market it could help to retain more customers. If a customer experiences romance they may have a chronic lasting relationship with a brand. Marketers have haved the concept of the The Loyalty Ladder. The rungs on the consort represent conniption, customer, client & advocate. (See Figure 2.0).The idea of the romance being that a customer would remain on the top rung of the streak for longer if the relationship was on a deeper level.2.0 Abercrombie & skunkAaker and Mc Laughlin (2007) highlight the sources of brand equity (See Figure 3.0) brand awareness, brand railroad tie, sensed fiber & brand loyalty. Brand awareness relates to the presence of the brand in the mind of the customer. Brands with high visibility tend to be purchased more ordinaryly and also need to be maintained in the market spyping mall to re-enforce the brand awareness. As stated above, Abercrombie & wood pussy is a brand name which nation felt strongly about it has international brand awareness and brand association. The brand is perceived as high quality, trendy and American. Abercrombie & Fitch have a huge loyal customer following. Lane (2007) describes the brand as being targeted at 18-22 year olds, mainly college students. The company was open in 1892 and wen t bankrupt in the 1970s. The company was re-branded in the 1980s to twist a huge success.The annual report states thatThe Company considers the in- break in experience to be its primary marketing vehicle. The Companys marketing strategy emphasizes the senses to reenforce the aspirational lifestyles represented by the brands. ..The Company also engages its customers through complaisant media and bustling commerce in ways that reinforce the aspirational lifestyle of the brand.Abercrombie & Fitch Annual Report 2010.Abercrombie & Fitch advertisements are all very undifferentiated black and white, top little men, beautiful males and females and often very sensual. (See Figure 4.0).Abercrombie and Fitch are famous for having had many contr all oversial pieces of clothing and advertisements in the onetime(prenominal) but this has added to their brand image and change magnitude media awareness. When the respite threatened many companies, Abercrombie & Fitch did not reduce sales pric es, as they did not lack to take away from the brands image and perceived high quality. The company did bring forth a reduction in sales, however, to overcome this, management open up encloses in new and emerging markets as the American market was maturing. Abercrombie & Fitch opened their first store in London in 2007 and have opened their doors in Japan to a new loyal market of new-fashioned advocates. (They also sell online to the Chinese market).In the past a few(prenominal) years there has been a shift in Chinese and Japanese culture. Teenagers in particular have become Americanised. Abercrombie & Fitch is a very ordinary brand in these countries as it represents the American way of life. In a study conducted by Parker et al (2004) it was found that the three virtually important aspects to a jejuneager were style, look and fit. Abercrombie and Fitch certainly guard these three elements. Tully (1994) supports the idea that it is relatively easy to form a orbiculate t een strategy & suggests that it is easy to form a global teen strategy, as teens around the world tend to have similar attitudes.The research conducted by Parker et al (2004) showed this to be slightly untrue as US and Japanese teenagers tend to have more similarities towards the Chinese teenagers, as teenagers in China have less disposable income. However this is ever-changing as China is an important emerging market. The Abercrombie & Fitch annual reports state that stores across China and Hong Kong are due to open in 2012.The author of this paper believes that the Abercrombie and Fitch brand is a perfect example of a brand romance. There are no loyalty cards or personal accounts to entice customers to climb the consort. The famous brand and its image is enough to spend a penny an intense and emotional feeling within teenagers and young adults to become advocates of the brand. The loyal advocates (mainly 18-22 years old) of the brand remain perched on the top rung of the ladder until the next generation takes its place.The loving relationship lasts for approximately four years, until the customer topples from the top rung of the ladder. Abercrombie and Fitch also have other brands (Hollister & Gilly Hicks), which are not discussed in this article. What is different about this brand is how the company do not offer cards, accounts and so on like many other companies. through and through their website they offer the chance to work in their stores and become a store model. Another perfect example of how aspirational this brand really is. (Abercrombie & Fitch official website)3.0 Marks & Spencer (M&S)As mentioned early Aaker and Mc Laughlin 2007 highlight the sources of brand equity (See Figure 3.0) brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality & brand loyalty.. Marks and Spencer (M&S) were famous for their fleeting sales even before the recession and were faced by a takeover bid by older Philip Green. M&S did not reduce their premium prices and ins tead invested intemperately in a marketing campaign which eventually proved to be a success. (Marketing parliamentary law UK 2010). The net profit was 526.3 million in the financial year ending 2010, an increase of 3.6% over 2009. (See Figure 5.0) Campaigns to re-enforce the M&S brand included the 125 years campaign, taglines included quality worth paying for and quality worth every penny (See Figure 6.0). These campaigns also feature famous celebrities such as Twiggy, Mylene Class & Danii Minogue. (Marketing Society UK 2010).Walshe (2008) discusses M&S in the marketplace (See Figure 7.0). He describes the market as weak, the business as ok and the brand as strong. If a marketing strategy can successfully increase awareness of the brand then sales will increase. M&S experienced a lot of volatility in the marketplace and discusses how it was the business that was temporarily broken and not the brand. by a strategy of changing product ranges, motivating employees and reminding cus tomers about the brand and what it stood for, the company increased its profits. passim the marketing campaigns, the message of quality and good value was kept uniform so the brand association remained the same. Different forms of advertising have been researched to localise which types can affect brand association.The discussions are mainly broken into two categories price and non-price advertising. (Kaul et al 1989, as cited by Clayton & Heo 2011). Non-price advertising can be described as differentiation or reminder advertising (Mitra and lynch 1995, as cited by Clayton & Heo 2011). In a study conducted by Clayton and Heo (2011) on whether advertising affects brand association, the study think that promotional based communicate lowers the brand image, attitudes and perceptions of the brand.The authors do state that value-oriented messages have the ability to deteriorate brand associations. M&S have also created their brand as an association to bodily social responsibility, including expenditure in areas of climate change, sustainable lancinate materials and waste. (Datamonitor 2011 (a)). Customers perceive M&S to be a brand of high quality which the company constantly communicate in advertising campaigns. Tresidder (2010) in an article discussing a food campaign by M&S describes how the slogan is This is not just food. The advert directs perception by creating/reinforcing signposts of the M&S experience.Thus, the text directs perception while guiding the social and cultural significance of the images used, a conversion process takes place in which nitty-gritty is guided by changing perception through various techniques such as the use of text, changes in context and the meaning of the gastronomic experience (Marshall, (2005) as cited by Tresidder (2010)).As stated earlier the loyalty ladder consists of four components prospect, customer, client and advocate. In Tolba and Hassans (2009) research discussed earlier, the research showed that people who never tried a brand based their assumptions on which brands they preferred based on the image and attitude. In relation to M&S, a prospect customer will depose on advertisements, word of mouth, physical outlook of store and any other media ring the brand. M&S are opening new stores in emerging markets and will have many more prospect customers as foreign to the maturing domestic market. at one time prospect customers have stepped up the ladder from prospect to customer, M&S offer a M&S accredit card which gives the cardholder points.A premium card is also available got frequent shopper who are clients and advocates which offers treble points. (marksandspencer.com). Clients and advocates of M&S tend to be of a mature age and trust the M&S brand. More belatedly M&S have used celebrities in their adverts to gain a younger market share. The company is also the leading department store retailer in the UK. The clothing and fashion segment is estimated to have led to such leadership. (Datamonitor 2011(a)) . Huang & Huddleson (2009) conducted a study on own brand products and concluded that own-brands can often have a product advantage over competition which creates a competitive advantage because the retailer is creating their own products, they gift more effort into the production and image of the product.Marks and Spencer have launched an earnings channel through M&S Direct. Customers can shop online and a new facility called Shop your Way enables customers to order online, in stores or over the send for. Products are delivered free of charge to the nearest store. Through M&S direct, customers can join discussions and see what is happening in their local stores. March and Quinton (2009) discuss viral communities and how they impact the on loyalty ladder. They state how impostant social networks are for marketers and how they act as a conduit for intra customer dialogue.The authors posited the idea of a social network contributor ladder for online users. Thi s understanding will enable marketers to communicate more effectively with both the influencers and other members of the social network ladder. (See Figure 8.0) March and Quinton (2009)4.0 Hennes & Mauritz (H&M)A prime example of a strong own brand image is the Swedish company H&M. Mc Coll & Moore (2010) conducted a study to examine own brands and product brands. It has been increasingly competitive in the past few decades with companies setting up stores internationally. The authors discuss that own brands such as H&M will be more successful if they reflect the corporate brand image which must also be strong in the marketplace. Own brands have more control over products which gives them a competitive advantage. (Mc Coll & Moore 2010). H&M is a global brand based on its value creating retail concept. H&M have make their powerful brand based on a business model of fashion and quality at the best possible price. (Ilonen et al 2010). H&M mainly create brand awareness through televisio n, internet,and mobile phone. H&M have an iphone application and online game Mytown, where players can view virtual goods. (WARC news Sep 2010).In April 2011 H&M launched its free Android application. This enables customers to browse clothing, check out offers and watch unshared videos. There is a huge international brand awareness of H&M, with stores operating throughout Europe, South Korea & Israel. The company is now focusing on new emerging markets such as Romania & Croatia and opened their first stores in these countries in 2011. H&M have sponsored celebrities in the past to create a strong brand association. They chose those who they perceived were most suitable to office staff H&M as an upscale fashion retailer offering clothing at best price, Roberto Cavalli, Jimmy Choo & Madonna are examples of celebrities who endorsed the H&M name. (Datamonitor 2011 (b))H&M has a fast retail indemnity & quickly follows market tends to deliver merchandise to its outlets daily. The loyal customers of H&M tend to be young and fashion conscious. H&M has kids, women and mens clothing shoes and accessories. The company has experienced revenue growth year on year even throughout the recession ( See Figure 9.0). In relation to the loyalty ladder, as discussed earlier by Tolba & Holsan (2009) a prospect customer will purchase based on perception and image of the brand. There is no doubt that this brand has a strong market presence. Also, as most of the customers are younger there will be more of an influence by friends, peers and the fashion industry to conform to trends. (Parker et al 2004) . Some companies have reduced mobile marketing communication during the recession but as mentioned earlier, H&M rely heavily on mobile marketing.They use technology to communicate discounts etc. very often people who receive these messages send them on to friends, this results in a usually a 50% increase of people in-store. H&M see this as a success in creating commodious footfall in their stores. (Carter 2008).This form of marketing is also useful as when people send on these messages, it can draw prospect buyers into the stores. Once the prospects have climbed to the next rung of the ladder and become customers, H&M offer an account. This account allows customers to have limited access to the virtual dressing room and other benefits such as communication via internet, mobile phone applications and offers which draw the customers back in-store time and time again, to eventually become clients and advocates of the H&M brand.5.0 ConclusionAll three companies discussed in this paper have strong brand images which are constantly communicated to the public. Customer loyalty does remain as a result of strong marketing strategies and constant brand re-enforcement.In relation to M&S and A&F, sales have slowed down as their domestic markets are maturing and people have less disposable income due to the recession. However, both companies have weathered previous recessi ons. many another(prenominal) customers still desire to buy these brands and the strong brand image will help increase sales in emerging markets. Both M&S and Abercrombie & Fitch had an increase in 2008, which dropped in 2009 but increased in 2010 again. H&M has a steady increase year on year. Abercrombie & Fitch is due to open in Dublin at the end of this year and also due to open in capital of France and Milan. All three companies are concentrating on new and emerging markets as their domestic markets mature. (See Fig 10.0)The author of this paper has posited a new loyalty scale as opposed to the loyalty ladder, see (fig 11.0). The loyalty ladder does not account for customers who are dissatisfied or anti a brand. Customers begin as prospects and can go up or down the scale depending on their experience with the brand.The internet plays a crucial part in communicating with customers and creating relationships to strengthen bonds with them through social networking sites and disc ussion fora. With so many global brands in society, it is important to keep re-enforcing brands to keep customers firmly perched on the top rungs of the loyalty ladder.

Web Site Publishing Process

vane Site Publishing Process The first tonus to publish a brand-new weave localise is to find the top hat horde for your needs. There atomic number 18 many a(prenominal) different options for Web hosting. The go around one is going to depend on the type of locate that is organism created. Almost all sites leave fall under one of the future(a) three categories personal or hobby site, small pedigree site, or Ecommerce or high-traffic site. It is going to be the size, complexity, and expected traffic load of the site that are going to need to be asked when shopping for a host. individual(prenominal) and Hobby sites are typically apply for sites that impart be used to communicate with friends and family and/or share information about hobbies with other people. These sites ordain typically be small and go through low-traffic. Personal and Hobby sites are easier to publish and less expensive. There are two free options in this category. The first is your internet servi ce provider as most of them form customers access to a personal Web summon as a part of their regular service.This option does have stiff limits on the amount of bandwidth the website is able to use though too many pictures bathroom push the website over the limit. The second option is free web hosts. This allows someone to get a free site and the host gets to publish on it, although storage and download amounts are an issue here too. With this option the host is able to shut down the website if it exceeds the bandwidth allotment until the next calendar month when the bandwidth counter restarts. Small business sites are sites that will contain base company information.These sites are typically called brochure sites. This is because the information in the website can probably be found on a printed advertisement brochure. These are pretty unbiased sites, but because they are still a business the creator will want a reliable host and will non be shut off unexpectedly. The crea tor will read their own domain name. Ecommerce sites are sites where individuals and/or small businesses start to parcel out products and services online and collecting online payments.These types of sites can get a little costly when trying to find a host because these sites will need a working shopping cart system, an online merchant account, and a Web host that supports all of that. Once the needs of the host have been determined and you have a valid domain name the next step will be to publish the website. There are three basic options FrontPage extensions, hypertext markup language editor in chief with FTP (File Transfer Protocol) capability, or a standalone FTP program. FrontPage does not work well with an FTP process as it uses FP extensions.HTML editor and the standalone FTP program both use the FTP process to transfer all files for the website. Check List ?Find the right host ? attain a valid domain name ?Design the website ?Publish the website The two web hosting compa nies that I am going to compare are hostgator. com and hub web hosting. Below is a list of what each offer Web bonifaceing CompanyWeb Hosting EssentialsWeb Hosting ExtrasWeb Hosting follow HOSTGATOR. COM? $4. 95 Monthly ? straight-out Disk Space ?Unlimited Bandwidth? Host Unlimited Domains ?Unlimited Databases ?Fantastico Installer PHP + MySQL Hosting ?Unlimited MySQL DBs ?cPanel Control Panel ?Supports Ruby on Rails? Top Reseller Web Host ?SSH Access ?SiteStudio Web constructor ?24/7 Support ?Instant Backups ?45 Day underwrite HUB WEB HOSTING? $3. 95 Monthly ?Unlimited Disk Space ?Unlimited Bandwidth? Host Unlimited Domains ?No Downtime Transfer ?Buisness Hardware ?Free Blogging package ?Free Website Builder ?Unlimited Email Accounts? Top Simple Web Hosting ?PHP5,MySQL5, Perl5 ?Free E-commerce Tools ?24/7 US Support ?Over 8 Special Offers ?90 Day Guarantee The first hosting site is hostgator. om. This site offers site hosting for $4. 95 a month which includes untrammelled dis k aloofness and unlimited bandwidth. Hub web hosting offers site hosting for $3. 95 a month which includes unlimited disk space and unlimited bandwidth as well. They each offer a lot of extras like unlimited domains. The difference is that Hub web hosting is a simple web hosting site, while hostgator. com is a little more technical. I would consider using hub web hosting for my own Web site as it seems to be more for the beginner website developer and seems to be easier than the other.

Developmental Psychology Essay

Cognitive evolution involves developing concepts of thought, problem solving and w behousing (Green. 2002). Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) were both psychologists, which focused on cognitive development and the means in which squirtrens thought and reasoning developed as they matured. This designation shall begin by describing and evaluating the theories put forward by Piaget and Vygotsky referring to research try and providing a conclusion.Piaget (1896-1980) was one of the most influential researchers in the area of developmental psychology during the 20th century and a as biologist was concerned in the way in which organisms adapt to their environs this was described by Piaget as intelligence. He officeed behaviour or the adaptation to the environment as being controlled through mental organisations known as schemes that the individual uses in order to represent the world. Piaget suggested that adaptation is driven by a biological drive to obtain balan ce between schemes and the environment, which is known as equipoise (Huitt. 2003).Within Piagets research and writings on cognitive development he suggested that pincerrens thoughts are not only little sophisticated than adults but they are also qualitatively different and this is overdue to less knowledge (Jarvis. 2000). It was considered by Piaget that the interaction between the child and their environment was the main factor of influence on their cognitive development. Piagets view of children is that they are scientists and that they should be left to explore their surroundings giving them the fortune to interpret the world in their own way. The active involvement in their own learning is described as a series of schemas and that these schemas would qualifying and develop through each stage through the process of engrossment or accommodation (Green. 2002).Piagets theory is based on stages of development in which he believed that all children develop at the same age. the re are quaternion stages to his development theory, which are sensorimotor (0-2 years) and the view that infants are developing their first schemas (Meggitt. 2000). Object permanence is the main focus inside this stage and the assumption by Piaget that children aged five or sextette months old could not scan that an object, which was covered, inactive exists.An experiment showed that a child of five or six months showed no interest once the trifle was covered whereas a disco biscuit month old would reach come forward for the toy and seem to become agitated. Piagets interpretation of this was that the child of ten months had reached object permanence and now has a schema for the object.In secernate to this Tom Bower and Jennifer Wishart (1972) argued that objects do still exist in tykes minds although they birth been covered. To support their theory an experiment was under supportn using an infrared emission camera. An object was offered to the baby and as they reached out to grab it the lights were switched off. The results showed that the baby was still attempting to reach for the toy although they were unable to see it and so an explanation for Piagets theory was that by covering the object the baby was distracted and not necessarily that they had forgotten about it.The second stage is pre-operational stage (2-7 years). egotist thinking predominates the child (Huitt. 2003) within this stage and they do not have the ability to understand things from another persons viewpoint fit in to Piaget. In order for this to be confirmed he set up an experiment. Three mountains were set in front of the child and a doll was placed in different seats around the table. Photographs, which had been taken, were then shown to the child and they were asked to point to the picture that the doll would see.As Piagets findings showed that most four or five year olds pointed to photographs which represented their view of the mountains he conclude that they were egocentri c. Most children aged seven that was asked to do the same caper mightily identified the photograph strengthening Piagets theory. Although it was then argued by Martin Hughes (1975) that the task was much too complicated for the child and therefore devised his own experiment, which would fight Piagets findings.His experiment involved a model with two cross walls, two policeman figures and a figure of a boy. After having a trial using one police figure and the boy to hold the child understood the task Hughes began his experiment. It was found that most children could successfully take account of two different viewpoints. Therefore it could be said that Piagets experiment may have been too difficult for the child to understand rather than the child being egocentric.

Beowulf Essay

In the epic poesy Beowulf, the poet presents both the elements courage and cowardice. These elements are real authoritative and show up continuously throughout the poem. Although the poem is mainly about(predicate) heroic battles, there are also m some(prenominal) cowardly acts among the villagers. The poet significantly develops courage throughout the poem. It is shown when Beowulf challenges Grendel to a battle and ends up defeating him. It is stated that Beowulf fought without any armor and still won. Once done with the support, he is faced with a nonher(prenominal) battle which is Grendels mother.After a tough and long fight, Beowulf ends up winning as well. The brave and unafraid thing about Beowulf is that he is willing to do anything and fight for his pack, he gives it all his strength to give up his village. For example, the challenge with Grendel started because he was terrorizing the Danes. A nonher example of courage in the poem is when Beowulf fights the dragon, it is clear that this is one of his toughest battles but he cares for his community and puts himself in danger. Beowulf accomplishes a lot for the survival of the Danes and the Geats.On the other hand, cowardice is also shown in the poem through Unferth. Unferth does not deficiency to live under the courageous culture that is so popular in many men anymore. By this, he is letting so much happen to his kingdom and doesnt care. The most coward thing that Unferth does is give away his sword, it was known back wherefore that a virtuous warrior never parted from his sword. Just like Beowulf is very brave, he has his bad moment as well, he doesnt want to admit that his time has come and that he is too old to fight the dragon.But the people in Geats show cowardice by not helping their king on his battle. Instead, they hide and just watch not even helping their king who has done so much for them. In conclusion, the epic poem Beowulf may have many brave people but it also shows how some t hrow away their position as king or do not want to fight for their people anymore, as well as the inconsiderate villagers. Both courage and cowardice are very well portrayed in the poem.

Problem and solution essay: Drinking and Driving Essay

People all around the world drink and they overly convey. But driving under the influence of alcoholic beverage is a truly dangerous, risk victorious thing to do, non just to the drivers, nevertheless to the passengers and pedestrians as well. When people consume alcohol, their normal functioning of the brain impairs, thus increase the chances of having a fatal accident when chosen to drive. According to National bridle-path Traffic Safety Administration, 40% of the car accidents in the year 2002 were alcohol related in US. That is about 17,419 deaths. This meant that in average, every 30 proceeding some bingle was killed in a car accident that was relating alcohol.The good adjust of Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) for drivers at the age of 21 or older is .08 percent. For drivers under the age of 21, the legal assign of BAC is .01 percent. But this does not mean that it is safe to drive when your BAC is .08 percent or even .01 percent. some(prenominal) amount of of BAC i s a risk to drive. Studies show that states or countries with lower BAC limit has far less alcohol related accidents. If you go over the legal limit of BAC, you would get fined large amounts of money to jail time, depending how high the BAC is. devising the BAC limit lower might just prevent the accidents that killed hundreds of innocent people. alcohol addiction alcohol has effect on the brain. First, it will fill cozy, warm and relaxing feeling. Then into judgment deadening, little use of slurred speech, and reason and trouble be impaired. After that, at that place will be increase impairment of judgment, then to slow reflection, and more use of slurred speech. Next memory and comprehension ar abnormally functioning, then blurred vision, to vomiting and imbalance to stand. Finally, if more alcohol are consumed, result unconsciousness, coma and to even death. So not drinking at all would be the best root as it will be good for your health and not taking any risk of having a fatal accident.But, for people who take to have a drink, people who cant live with out alcohol, they are prone to consume alcohol and make a decision to drive to their ending or not. This might be hard for some people, but leaving their car and taking an alternative transportation would be the smartest, and besides the safest way to get to the destination. It is much more importantto get to the destination with their life then by loosing ones life or taking a life of another and not get in that respect at all.There are problems that are just incorrigible and there are problems that can be prevented or solved. We should do any manner to solve any corrodible problems in any ways. It might save one or it might save thousands of lives. Drinking and driving is making a death wish. Its not only the drivers that are risking their lives, but they, as in drivers, are risking other lives as well. Not driving when influenced by alcohol might save ones life and a life of another. Maybe, it might not be a big cumulus to some people who believe this will not happen to them, are gambling with their lives.

Different Approaches in Conflict Management

The look that is being analyzed is active the supply issues mingled with Lenore and Carolean. This paper bequeath assess the power family relationship between the twain and explain in great detail the power balancing strategies that potful be utilise. Also included in this paper, pass on be the Wilmot- Hocker judicial decision guide. The Wilmot Hocker Assessment Guide will be the basic foundation for this paper. This assignment will explain the goals of each individual and the messages they use to achieve them. This case take away will include examples from the conversation in monastic order to posterior up certain ideas.Before Lenore and Carolean engage in run afoul, Lenore matt-up she was being shunned from the family. This feeling of being shunned, resulted in Lenore having a hostile bearing toward Carolean and her family. Even though Lenore feels neglected, she will further state a few of the reasons why she Feels a non-person in Carolines c beer and her k ids. The reason why she will non engage amply into conflict is she afraid of conflict. She views confrontation in a negative modality.If she did non perceive conflict in a negative view, she would hence be to a greater extent than direct on how she feels. When Caroline begins to def residuum herself and her family, Lenore instantly backs off and pretends to forget what she had previously stated. Lenore is denying that something was communicated because she is trying to ignore the existence of power (Interpersonal participation p. 87).Caroline is the exact oppo positi single of Lenore. Although Caroline does non initiate the conflict, she does non back down from conflict. It is obvious that Caroline is non afraid of conflict. Since the relationship between her m separate and her is important, she wants to actualise why her experience feels the way she does. Caroline bring abouts in order to do so, a conflict between ideas will occur. She dates if the conflict is handle d correctly, the relationship will gradually become stronger with her m other(a). Both of their ideas closely how a family should be raised will brought out into the open in a conflict.After reading oer the case, it was app atomic number 18nt that both Lenore and Caroline use metaphoric images when they are communicating to each other. Lenore states that parents are the stovepipe role models for children. If youre non departure to go forth that model for them, who is? Caroline responds by saying, I can non procure what you are saying. Although this type of metaphoric image is not mentivirtuosod in the book, one mustiness assume that this is an example of conflict as a product. By saying I can not buy what you are saying, Caroline is stating the metaphoric message that conflict is a product and can be bought if it is at the right price.When Lenore told Caroline that she is heading into fairly stormy waters, Lenore is victimization what is considered to be a negative metaph or. Stormy waters can be extremely destructive by being repetitive, powerful, and inescapable. The book would compare Lenores statement as being Conflict is a Tide. Both Lenore and Caroline do not use metaphoric images in a prescribed way. If both parties realized those metaphors can cast a negative tone, it would learn the possibility for productive conflict management. neither party would stimulate used the metaphors.Lenore is a senior citizen, which would name her all over sixty-years of age. Taking her age and the way she communicates into consideration, one can assume that she is a conservative and an old carriage type of lady. She demands that Caroline and her children show her respect because of her age. It is plain mentioned in the case, that Lenore would befuddle all(prenominal)thing when her parents came to visit her. Caroline is thirty- years old, and it is obvious that she is more liberal wherefore Lenore.Caroline can understand her daughters actions a atomic pile clearer then can Lenore. The difference in generations is one of the main ingredients of the conflict. The some judgment of conviction(a) generation of people can not adapt to the change in families. For example, people in Lenores time were not so fill with Car pools, tennis games, and trips that were really not crucial to both part of your life entitle. This generation of families is on a lot more hectic schedule. Lenore and many other people from her generation, know a terrible time adapting to the fast pace life many families endure.Lenore must understand and expect that Carolines parenting style suits the lifestyle of the family. Lenores parenting style may arouse motioned in the fifties, but it will not work in the nineties. Until Lenore accepts this fact, on that point will always be a conflict between them.The event that triggers the conflict, is when Carolines daughter runs right outgoing Lenore and does not say hello. Lenore interprets that the kid is spo iled, and that Caroline has failed at aggrandisement her children correctly. This is the event that brought the conflict into mutual awareness. Since Lenore is Carolines mother, she unarguably believes she knows what is opera hat for Carolines family. This branch event leads into a destructive spiral of more of Lenores problems with Caroline and her family. One of the other problems in the prehistoric that upsets her, is that she wants to feel a part of their lives. It seems that if Lenore is not the nucleus of attention, then there must be something wrong.Caroline believes that there is zippo wrong with her family. Lenore is overreacting and she should just let her be her own person. However, Lenore feels that there is a crisis in the family. She gets even more upset and angry, when Caroline refuses to assent with her that there is a problem in the family. Because Caroline will not agree with Lenore, it adds fuel to the fire. Caroline will listen to her mother because it is her mother, but that does not mean she will agree or change her tactics. Caroline expresses the argue in a rational state of mind. She does not ignore her mother instead, she communicates the message she understands her mother has a problem. The mother expresses the struggle in an over-reacting and unrational state. It is overcome to her that her daughter will not conform to what she says. She interprets this as being a sign of disrespect.In order to understand what the absurd goals are, we must understand what the relational goals of each party are. First of all, Lenore wants her grandchildren to kiss and force her every time they see her. She also wants her daughter to show her much more respect. On the other hand, Caroline wants her mother to realize that her grandchildren still rage and respect her, even though they do not kiss and hug her every time they see her. Since Caroline wants one thing and Lenore wants another, this leads into incompatible goals. Both Caroline an d Lenore want different things and this causes a struggle over goals.The reason why there is a struggle over goals is because time is a scarce resource. The case study would imply that Carolines daughter lives a busy life. She has restraints on her time to play with her friends. When she is not playing tennis or going to school, she wants to spend her time with her friends. This is a normal response for children her age. The grandmother does not understand the time restraints on Tara. The granddaughter would rather spend some time with her friends and have fun, then sit around and listen to outdated theories of Dr. Spock. If both Lenore and Caroline were to engage over what goals are important to them, there would be less of a problem. The topographic point does not have to be Grandma versus the family.This particular case study lacks goal clarity. Lenore only discovers her goals during the course of the conflict. She only began to engage in conflict, when Tara ran past her and ign ored her. Before this incident, she did not have a plan on how to become a bigger influence in the family. If Lenore really valued to improve the relationship with the family, she would not have been so individualistic. She could have interpreted account for the familys needs as well as hers. Lenore could have mentioned that she thought her knowledge on raising families could benefit Caroline and would also help Lenore feel a part of the family.Throughout the conflict, Caroline was argue herself and her family. Therefore, she used a lot of self-oriented tactics. She became very defensive when Lenore said that she was not interested in their advice or in their decisions. She was forced to defend herself and her family. By being defensive, it limited her to only being able to respond back. She was ineffectual to make clear exactly what she wanted from her mother.Although the prospective goal was not mentioned, it was obvious that Lenore was upset with the behavior of Tara and Caroli ne. Lenore stated that her husband and her feel standardized their a non-person in your life and your kids life. Lenores first goal would be an example of a relational goal. Lenore wanted her grandchildren and her own daughter to airiness her with respect. The conflict was about who Lenore and Caroline are to each other. If Lenore is Carolines mother, she should treat her like a mother. However, Caroline feels Lenore should stop telling her what is best for her and her family. This is also an example of a relational goal. Since Caroline and Lenore have argue views on their relationship, a conflict developed.The transactive goals that developed in this conflict happened time the conflict was taking place. Caroline was not aware of how her mother mat up about their relationship. Even though this conflict took place, Caroline still does not know how the mother feels about the relationship. In the beginning stages of the conflict, Carolines goal was to explain why her daughter did not say hello. That was a relational goal. After Caroline realized that her mother was upset about how Caroline is raising her children, the goal drastically changed from being a relational goal to an identity goal. Who is Caroline to her mother? When Caroline said, Just because youre my mother does not mean that we have to think exactly the same, it showed Caroline was trying to crystallize their relationship.During the conflict, Caroline was trying to save face. In order to do so, she had to stick up to her mother. Her mother ,however, wanted to still have control of Caroline and the way she raised her family. When a valid point was made, her mother would find a way to change it around. For example, when Caroline said, You brought me up to understand that I am my own person, her mother responded by saying, I hope I threw in some training sessions on respecting other peoples authority. Lenore was acc development Caroline of being a short(p) mother and having a poor daughter. Len ore could not accept that her daughter could make good decisions, without her assistance.Since it is not known what exactly the retrospective goal is, one must assume that Caroline realized she should have handled the conflict differently. If the goals in the beginning were clarified, there would not have been such a dispute. Neither party specialized in any type of goal. By the end of the conflict, both parties still did not know what the other party wanted.The power issue between Lenore and Caroline is not discussed. Lenore, who has less power then Caroline, is trying to take away Carolines power. Lenore uses an either/or approach. Caroline is trying to move Lenore against her will. What this fashion is she is trying to force Lenore to do what she says. If Lenore says that Caroline is not raising her family correctly, she better change something.Caroline and Lenore are in a conflict over who should have power in the relationship. The mother believes that she knows best on how to raise children and Caroline should listen to her. cut and Raven would describe this source of power as expertise. Since Lenore is the mother of Caroline, she believes she has the wisdom, knowledge, and expertise on how a family should operate. Caroline refuses to accept her mothers whimsey and that leads into a struggle over power. When Caroline was younger, her mother was able to avenge (coercion) her when she did not like her behavior. Now that she is older her mother is unable to do that and it causes Lenore to be less powerful. Her mother can only verbally labialize Caroline, and that is exactly what she does.A currency that Caroline did not realize she had was her interpersonal linkage. She serves as the bridge between Lenore and Tara. Lenore would not know how Tara felt if it was not for Caroline. If Caroline choose not to tell Tara how Lenore felt, there is nothing Lenore could do about it. This would make Lenore even have less power.Lenore and Caroline have a power imba lance. Lenores goal is to strive for laid-backer power. She even mentions if she was the mother, the children would not be acting this way. Lenore communicates to Caroline in what is called competitive symmetry. This means that she uses a repeated pattern of one-ups. An example of this would be when Lenore said, This your mother talking. Lenore move to have Caroline be submissive and to agree with her by communicating with one-downs. Instead, Caroline attempted to communicate in what is called a complementary pattern. She would say, Your are twisting this all around to make me see your point of view. So what if we disagree with minor things. She was using a one-up pattern at first by saying how she truly felt, but she then use a one-down pattern when she explained her reasoning and she hoped her mother would agree.The type of style that Lenore uses is called competitive. She is highly touch on for her own needs and she really does not have a high push for others. For example sh e says, We just have begun to realize that we are going to start looking out for our own needs-alone. This statement is implying that her needs must be meet first and foremost.What makes this case interesting, is that Lenore also uses an avoidance technique throughout the argument. When Lenore said, Nonsense Ive never ever told you what to do or when to do it. This remark indicates that Lenore decided that she would avoid continuing in the argument. She is using what is called a nonconsensual avoidance. She is ignoring everything that Caroline has to say.Caroline uses a collaborative style when she communicates with her mother. She has a high concern for her needs, but she also has a high concern for her mothers needs. The problem is her mother and her can not clarify what they want. So it makes it impossible for Caroline to find an integrative solution that will satisfy them both. What results from this is a symmetrical attack-attack patterns, were they are trying to one-up each o ther.Caroline, Lenore, and Tara are involved in what is known as a toxic triangle. Tara and Lenore are at the top corners, while the grandmother is at the bottom corner. The results from a toxic triangle can be devastating to the relationship. If the grandmother would accept Tara withdrawing from the triangle, it would give Lenore and Caroline time to discuss their current relationship. The focus would not be about Tara, but instead them. This one to one communicating could result in the two collaborating.All and all, both parties need to realize in order to accomplish their goals, they need to know exactly what their goals are. Lenore uses the avoidance and competitive style, while Caroline uses the competitive and collaboration style. They will only further damage the relationship if they keep competing with each other over who has power.

Meaning of Education Essay

Recently, a university professor wrote a letter to the editor of the local newspaper. He commented that people shouldnt put to a fault much weight on the recently released trends in SRA scores of the responsibilitys high school students. The professor went on to describe round of the unanswered questions well-nigh the nature and value of mind. He mentioned that one of the problems with assessment was the ongoing disagreement on the very settle of grooming. A fewer days later, a scathing response was printed from a community sh be who questioned whether the University really wanted roughone on their staff who didnt even offing know the purpose of gentility.Clearly, this soul assumed that his definition of program line was divided by all. What is the core of education? Webster defines education as the process of educating or teaching (now thats really lend oneselfful, isnt it? ) Educate is advertize delimitate as to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of Thu s, from these definitions, we might assume that the purpose of education is to develop the knowledge, skill, or character of students. Unfortunately, this definition offers little unless we further define words such as develop, knowledge, and character. What is meant by knowledge?Is it a body of information that exists out thereapart from the human idea processes that developed it? If we look at the standards and benchmarks that accept been developed by umteen statesor at E. D. Hirschs list of information needed for ethnic Literacy (1), we might assume this to be the definition of knowledge. However, there is considerable investigate leading some others to believe that knowledge arises in the mind of an individual when that person interacts with an idea or experience. This is hardly a new argument. In ancient Greece, Socrates argued that education was virtually drawing out what was already within the student.(As many of you know, the word education comes from the Latin e-duce re meaning to lead out. ) At the alike time, the Sophists, a group of itinerant teachers, promised to give students the necessary knowledge and skills to dispatch positions with the city-state. There is a dangerous tendency to assume that when people use the selfsame(prenominal) words, they perceive a situation in the same way. This is seldom the case. Once one gets beyond a dictionary definitiona meaning that is practically of little practical valuethe meaning we allot to a word is a belief, not an absolute fact. Here be a couple of examples.The central task of education is to implant a go forth and facility for learning it should produce not learned save learning people. The truly human alliance is a learning society, where grandp arnts, parents, and children are students together. Eric Hoffer No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and charity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every accepted education should be to unlock that treasure. Emma Goldman The only purpose of education is to teach a student how to live his living-by developing his mind and equipping him to swop with reality.The training he needs is theoretical, i. e. , conceptual. He has to be taught to think, to understand, to integrate, to prove. He has to be taught the essentials of the knowledge discovered in the past-and he has to be equipped to sustain further knowledge by his own effort. Ayn Rand The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to thinkrather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with the thoughts of other men. Bill Beattie The one real object of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions. Bishop Creighton The central chisel of schools is to maximize the capacity of each student. Carol Ann Tomlinson These quotations demonstrate the diversity of beliefs about the purpose of education. How would you complete the state ment, The purpose of education is ? If you ask five of your sonny boy teachers to complete that sentence, it is likely that youll have five different statements. Some will place the focus on knowledge, some on the teacher, and others on the student. notwithstanding peoples beliefs in the purpose of education lie at the heart of their teaching behaviors.Despite what the letter writer might have wished, there is no definition of education that is agreed upon by all, or even most, educators. The meanings they attach to the word are complex beliefs arising from their own determine and experiences. To the extent that those beliefs differ, the experience of students in todays classrooms can neer be the same. Worse, many educators have never been asked to state their beliefsor even to reflect on what they believe. At the very least, teachers owe it to their students to bring their definitions into soul and examine them for validity. Purposes and Functions.To make matters more complica ted, theorists have made a note between the purpose of education and the functions of education. (2) A purpose is the fundamental remainder of the processan end to be achieved. Functions are other outcomes that may slip by as a natural result of the process byproducts or consequences of schooling. For example, some teachers believe that the transmission of knowledge is the chief(a) purpose of education, while the exchange of knowledge from school to the real world is something that happens naturally as a consequence of possessing that knowledgea function of education.Because a purpose is an verbalised goal, more effort is put into attaining it. Functions are assumed to occur without order effort. For this reason its valuable to figure out which outcomes you consider a fundamental purpose of education. Which of the following do you actually include in your planning? Acquisition of information about the past and present includes traditional disciplines such as literature, histo ry, science, mathematics Formation of healthy social and/or formal relationships among and between students, teachers, others Capacity/ability to pronounce information and to presage future outcomes (decision-making)Capacity/ability to seek out alternative solutions and evaluate them (problem solving) Development of mental and physical skills motor, thinking, communication, social, aesthetic Knowledge of moral practices and estimable standards acceptable by society/culture Capacity/ability to acknowledge and evaluate different points of view Respect giving and receiving recognition as human beings Indoctrination into the culture Capacity/ability to live a fulfilling life Capacity/ability to earn a living career education Sense of well-being mental and physical health.Capacity/ability to be a good citizen Capacity/ability to think creatively ethnic appreciation art, music, humanities Understanding of human relations and motivations Acquisition/ illumination of values related to the physical environment Acquisition/clarification of personalised values Self-realization/self-reflection awareness of ones abilities and goals Self-esteem/self-efficacy As Tom Peters reminds us, What gets measured, gets done. Regardless of the high sounding rhetoric about the knowledge of the total child, it is the content of assessments that largely drives education.How is the capacity/ability to think creatively assessed in todays schools? To what extent is the typical student know and given respect? How often are students given the opportunity to tell and evaluate different points of view when multiple choice tests require a single correct answer? Teachers who hold a more humanitarian view of the purpose of education often experience stress because the meaning they assign to education differs greatly from the meaning assigned by society or their institution.It is clear in listening to the language of education that its primary focus is on knowledge and teaching rather tha n on the learner. Students are expected to conform to schools rather than schools serving the needs of students. Stopping to site and agree upon a fundamental purpose or purposes of education is rare. virtuoso sees nebulous statements in school mission statements, but they are often of the Mom, baseball, and apple pie variety that offer little substance on which to pretend a school culture. Creating meaningful and lasting change in education is unlikely without revisiting this basic definition.At the very least, educators must be challenged to rate and reexamine their beliefs in the light of present knowledge. It is time for the focus of education to shift from whats out therethe curriculum, assessments, classroom arrangement, books, computersto the fundamental assumptions about and definitions of education held by educators and policymakers. NASA did not send men to the moon by building on the chassis of a model T. In the same way, education cannot hope to move beyond its presen t state on the chassis of 18th century education.