Evolution Of Host Parasite Relationships - 1178 Words

Betsy Gladden Evolution Case Study #1 Dr. Amanda Duffus The Evolution of Host-Parasite Relationships Since Darwin’s â€Å"dangerous† idea in the nineteenth century, the causes and significances of evolution have been investigated unceasingly. One evident example of evolution is between parasite and host relationships, in which host and parasite partners maximize their own fitness, by evolving to reduce the fitness of the other. Parasites are hypothesized to evolve and cause hosts to evolve, as well as promoting sexual recombination. There are two major hypotheses of evolution pertaining to host-parasite relationships: the Red Queen hypothesis and the Red King model. The Red Queen hypothesis claims that there is a†¦show more content†¦Scientist Van Valen used this as a metaphor for the evolutionary race saying that species keep running (evolving) to stay in the same place, but if they stop, they become extinct. This theory has been consistently added to and built upon by G. Bell in 1982, who applied it to host and parasite relationships, showing how evolution a ffects genotype frequencies and that changes come from maintaining sexual reproduction. (Lively, 2010) The Red Queen hypothesis demonstrates how species rely on competition for initiating evolution, and how there is a domino effect of change causing change. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) In studies done by Barnett and Hansen (1996) using an organizational approach, evidence was found for Red Queen evolution in that organizations exhibited less failure if there was more competition. The research used banks as a model, and the results showed that in places only one existed, there was an advantage of a monopoly, but did not have any experience when exposed to competition. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) The Red Queen hypothesis also shows that selection favors hosts that have rare resistance alleles. There also is research that shows generation time affects selection for sex, in that the longer it takes to reproduce, the more opportunity there is for evolution. The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that when in regard to parasite and host relationships, when parasites are low in number, the costs of sex outweigh the benefits and

Treatment Options Used for Children with Autism Spectrum...

Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is capable of weakening communication, behavior and socialization. The term ASD includes three major subtypes which is Autism Spectrum Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s Disorder. About 9.0 in 1000 children have ASD and certain types of autism might not be identified until three years of life. The probability of boys being diagnosed is higher compared to girls (Bravaccio et al. 2013). Autism is not curable, but it can be controlled using certain type of treatments as there is no specific or one treatment for autism. The question that arises for this literature review, if the treatment used for autism is effective? There are†¦show more content†¦Lastly, the implication of treatments used will be discussed based on the recent research. This literature review will conclude with a concise discussion. In addition, it is important to compare the treatments used to control ASD. Treatment options used for children with autism by parental, caregivers and clinical Autism Spectrum Disorder is not curable but it can be controlled using a certain type of treatments. There are various types of treatments used by parental, caregiver and clinical. The treatments can be separated into behavior and communication approaches, medication and complementary and alternative medicine. Applied behavioral analysis is a treatment approach that is used in many schools and treatment clinics (Foxx, 2008). There are different types of ABA and one of it is early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI). EIBI is the most effective treatment used for young children from birth to 3 years old as the services consist of treatments to assist the child to talk, walk and interact with others (Matson Goldin, 2014). Discrete trials teaching (DTT) is one of the key teaching methods in EIBI. An efficient approach for teaching children with ASD has been shown by DTT and it plays an important role in language, social and academic skills. DTT has a sequence of discrete learning u nits that allows the skills to broken down into smaller units when teaching a new skill. DTT consist of three-term possibilities,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors. Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with mild to little symptoms classified by Autism Spectrum Disorder and others who classify severely inRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreGenetic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1556 Words   |  7 PagesAutism is a cognitive disorder that occurs in the first three years of life and affects many children and adults today. It is a common behaviorally defined syndrome characterized by impairments in socialization, abnormalities of verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted, stereotyped interests and behaviors. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) was recently edited to more clearly define the 3 main branches of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These branchesRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder869 Words   |  4 Pageswith children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) experiences more stress than the typical family without a children with ASD. A previous research study by Baker-Ericzen, Brookman-Frazee Stahmer(2005, p. 194) supports this statement, â€Å"Both parents of children with ASD report higher levels of both parent and child related stress juxtaposed with parents of typically developing toddlers†. In order to comprehend the information of the study, one must understand what autism spectrum disorder is. AutismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorders Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics or Autism Spectrum Disorder, including its symptoms, treatments, and possible causes. This paper will also highlight the differences between Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) and Asperger Disorder(AD). Autism spectrum disorders effect one in 110 births in the United States. Autism spectrum disorders are severe, incurable developmental disorders whose symptoms, including impairments in social interaction and communication, emerge during the first two years of life. Asperger disorder distinguishesRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 Pagesdiagnosed with autism in the United States (Autism Speaks, n.d.). Can be diagnosed in all racial and ethnic groups, as well as every age group. In the 2013 publication of DSM-5 diagnostic manual, Asperger syndrome, Autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, clinical trialsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Autism is really come along ways from where it use to be. There’s been so much research done to try and track it early and see if there’s something that can done to try and prevent it. There are celebrities with the disorder as well as some celebrity kids or their children with it. The definition of autism is a pervasive developmental disorder of children, characterized by impaired communication, excessive rigidity, and emotional detachment as defined by Dictionary.com and is a part of theRead MorePervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pages The term Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) refers a group of disorders that pertain to one’s communication, social, and developmental skills. Symptoms can be detected as early as infancy, as some cases are identified before the age of three. Children or toddlers with PDD may show difficulty relating to others and often have trouble using and understanding language. In addition, they may have unusual behavior patterns and demonstrate resistance during a change in their routine. PDD is a generalRead MoreThe Effect Of Telehealth On The Language And Communication Delays That Accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1703 Words   |  7 Pagespractices to treat or assess disorders via technology, such as video or webcams, rather than treating patients face-to-face. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) may use this method to treat a variety of delays and disorders, including stuttering, apraxia, lisps, and others. This paper will explore the use of telehealth in treating the language and communication delays that accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism), specifically in children. Autism Spectrum Disorder is â€Å"a complex developmental disability

The Community Of Lgbt Workers Essay - 1583 Words

Since the beginning of their existence and in today’s society, the community of LGBT workers are not being treated fairly or getting their fair share that they deserve in the workplace. They are victims to high rates of workplace discrimination. Instead of being judged as workers and what they bring to their jobs and how they work, they are being judged by their sexual preferences and appearance. Being a gay or transgender worker causes them to be mistreated, not judged for the actual workers they are, and most importantly, halts a majority of them in better career and job opportunities. Although under federal law it is illegal to fire someone who is either gay or transgender, they are still either being denied employment or being terminated from their jobs because of their gender category or sexual orientation. A great amount of problems still exist in LGBT workplaces, rights in the sphere have evolved and there are signs for a better and brighter future for the community. â€Å"The government has announced that it will be advancing legislation to amend section 37.1 of the employment equality act, which currently allows religious—run institutions, such as schools and hospitals to discriminate against LGBT employees. But the amendment will not protect every worker, as Rob Buchanan reports.† (BUCHANAN) Both gay and transgender individuals continue to face widespread discrimination in their workplace. They are being judged by factors that have no impact on how they perform andShow MoreRelatedHardships Faced By The Lgbt Community1496 Words   |  6 Pagesby the LGBT Community in the Workplace Taelor Faulkner, Brianne Hamilton, Brianna Johnson, and Laci Jones Who decides what is normal in this world? What gives us the right to discriminate against an individual, specifically individuals of the LGBT community? Can a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender person have a normal career? If they do have a career, will they be able to advance? Relationships can be tested in the workplace, which can hinder one s career. Both bosses and co-workers can treatRead MoreGay, Lesbian, Bisexual And Transgender Individuals Essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesalso known as LGBT population have experienced a great deal of oppression worldwide. These particular individuals undergo discrimination from society, whether for reasons of ignorance, fear or intolerance, this population faces challenges in multiple areas of social justice sexual. Although the LGBT culture has made some strides in the areas of state and federal legislation, there is still a wide range of criminalization that takes place within our culture. Understanding the LGBT community and the hist oryRead MoreLgbt Discrimination In The Workplace. Introduction. People1350 Words   |  6 PagesLGBT Discrimination in the Workplace Introduction People of lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual, or queer identification in the United States are not given equal employment opportunity and or treatment in the workplace compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. There is currently no federal legislation that prohibits a person with LGBT identification from being fired, or federal legislation that protects employees of varied sexual orientations and gender identity from discriminationRead MoreThe New Laws Protecting Lgbt Community1452 Words   |  6 Pagesshould enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door.†- Harvey Milk. Through time the LGBT community has not been treated with the rights that they deserve. They have not been able to express themselves the way most people are able too. Society has started to accept the LGBT community and give them rights. The new laws protecting LGBT community are affecting society by giving the LGBT community acceptance, preventing violence, and reducing the amoun t of discrimination. In the 1900’sRead MoreA Research Study On The Lgbt Homeless Youth Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pageslevels in the LGBT Homeless Youth. â€Å"Is There an Emotional Cost of Completing High School? Ecological Factors and Psychological Distress Among LGBT Homeless Youth,† was a conducted study of LGBT homeless youth experiences in during high school (Bidell 366). Bidell reported that 40 percent did not compete high school, and most did not search for support from GSAs and school staff (Ibid). His concluding finding found that sexual minorities stress comes from harassment in their community, while at schoolRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender1675 Words   |  7 PagesOne particular group that this paper will be focusing on is The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community because they face multiple levels of victimization, and it is hard for this group to adjust to society once they have identified themselves as being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or tran sgender. In 2013, law enforcement agencies had reported 5,928 hate crime incidents, 20.8 percent were motivated by sexual orientation, and 60.6 percent were identified as gay male-targeted bias. Gay malesRead MoreLaws Affecting The Agency Of The United States Postal Service1485 Words   |  6 Pagesworkplace. During my research, however, I was proven wrong. The Postal Service has had quite a few court cases, while many of them relate to ethical and discriminatory issues. Individuals have felt that the Postal Service sometimes judge applicants or workers by their lifestyle or ethnicity. This in turn shows bad representation of personnel management. One case that shows proof of this is the United States Postal Service v. Aikens. Harold Aikens, who was a black employee of the USPS, opened a case againstRead MoreLgbt Individuals Access And Experiences With Their Identity1490 Words   |  6 PagesLGBT individuals access and experiences with services may be affected by their identity. Fredrikesen-Goldsen et al. (2014) stated, â€Å"In addition to discrimination in the larger society, LGBT older adults experience both overt and covert discrimination in health and human service settings. Discrimination within healthcare systems is a significant predictor of poor mental and physical health† (p. 93). In addition, due to ageism and heterosexism older LGBT individuals have less resources and servicesRead MoreSexual Identity And Development : The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender1542 Words   |  7 Pages Development The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community has never received as much attention as they are right now. Much of this attention is stemming from this population struggling to obtain the same rights given to the remainder of the population. The LGBT community faces many challenges in their personal system, social environment, and then in the public system. In working with the LGBT population, the social worker needs to examine how the individual views themselves, not onlyRead MoreThe Workplace Of The Lgbt Community1494 Words   |  6 Pages History and background of topic Workplace discrimination in the lgbt community has been an issue since the early 1900’s, but lgbt rights weren’t progressing much until 1990’s. It was not until 1973 that the first federal bill introduced to congress prohibit discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation (Badgett, Lau, Sears, Ho, 2007). In 1994 the Don t ask, don t tell (DADT) was the official United States policy on service by gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in the military (Badgett

Gene Therapy And Its Effects - 1619 Words

The world of genetics has mainstreamed into medical practice, transforming the way patients are treated. Recently, gene therapy has been propelled into the spotlight with the most recent successful clinical trial in which scientists reprogrammed ordinary cardiac cells in pigs to mirror the function of the sinoatrial node, thereby inducing a steady heartbeat. In the last few decades since its inception, gene therapy has rapidly advanced; there have been remarkable strides in its methods and an increase in the range of targetable diseases. Gene therapy is the modification of the genetic material within a cell for therapeutic purposes. It is used to treat or prevent diseases, inherited disorders, some cancers and viral infections by inserting a gene into a patient’s cell, through a viral vector as a delivery system, instead of using traditional medicine or surgery. Genes are responsible for making proteins, which in turn have a vast array of pivotal functions in an organism. In p atients affected with genetic diseases or disorders, the DNA is mutated and no longer codes for a functional protein, affecting the way in which an organism appears and functions. There are different methods used to administer gene therapy: replacing a mutated gene that causes a disease with a healthy, functional gene, which is the most common approach; inactivating a mutated gene that is functioning improperly; and introducing a new gene into the body that will produce proteins and enzymes to helpShow MoreRelatedGene Therapy And Its Effects On The Body895 Words   |  4 PagesGene therapy is a relatively new practice in genetics that aims to correct mutations at a molecular level instead of using drugs or surgical approaches. Different approaches to gene therapy include gene augmentation therapy, gene inhibition therapy, the killing of specific cells, somatic gene therapy, and germ line gene therapy. Through gene augmentation therapy, faulty genes would be taken out of the genome sequence and replaced, effectively ending the effects that the mutated gene had on the bodyRead MoreGene Therapy And Its Effects On The Human Body1399 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific symptoms or that affects a specified location (McGraw-Hill, 2002) - the effects that they have and the interrelatedness of systems in the human body. Some diseases are genetic – the defective alleles have been inherited from one parent or both. Other diseases that require gene therapy are not inherited and can be caused by a mutation that changes the base sequence in the genetic code. (Mike Boyle, 2008) Gene therapy is an experimental technique used in the treatment of diseases, whereby a defectiveRead MoreEssay on Gene Therapy and Its Effect on Cancer3614 Words   |  15 PagesGene Therapy and Its Effect on Cancer The era of scientific advancement in the twentieth century has encouraged several scientific fields to merge into a new, futuristic science called Biotechnology. One idea behind Biotechnical science is taking advantage of molecular biology. At the forefront of this advancement is gene therapy which attempts to treat disease at its origin on the molecular level(Kreeger,1996). Essentially, this therapy deliberately introduces genes into the human cellsRead MoreEffects Of Gene Therapy On Children And The Existence Of The Disease1497 Words   |  6 Pagespossibilities to prevent or cure human disease is called gene therapy. The purpose of gene therapy is to remove or reverse the mutation of the cells in an embryo or a child, thus eliminating the disease from the child and the existence of the disease. With this advancement in science, children who are diagnosed with an inherited death sentence or an illness that will cause suffering within their life span are given a second chance. The support of gene therapy would give hope to parents who suffer from theRead MoreThe Risks of Gene Therapy Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesGenes are made of DNA – the code of life. Everyone inherits genes from their parents and passes them to their children. (Gene Therapy- The Great Debate!) The changes in genes may cause serious problems, which we called genetic disorder. Scientists have currently identified more than 4000 different genetic disorders. The most typical gene disorders include Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (ADA-SCID) and Chronic Granulomatus Disorder (CGD), hemophilia, etc. In theory, the only method to cure geneticRead MoreImplications of and Attitudes toward Gene Therapy914 Words   |  4 Pagesviable technique in gene therapy to humans – adding a gene to replace improperly functioning gene through a vector. Its basic mechanics is administering the DNA to the patient. Introduce the DNA to the diseased cell by a genetically engineered virus and expre ss a protein. This can be done by injecting it to the bloodstream. The therapeutic genes are hoped to genetically alter the cells for normal functioning. Gene therapy involves vectors, such as virus and bacteria, because a gene directly insertedRead MoreThe History Of Sytech And Gene Therapy1130 Words   |  5 PagesAll you need to know about Gene therapy Sytech- Curing the future The history of SyTech and Gene therapy Gene therapy was introduced in 1985 by SyTech and has been the main priority of the company ever since due to its promising future in science. One of the first human gene therapy procedures involved injecting the correct ADA gene to a four year old girl with the ADA deficiency. Due to the success of the procedure, the patient is now living a healthy life. The success marked an important landmarkRead MoreHuman Gene Therapy771 Words   |  3 PagesHuman gene therapy is essentially using DNA as a treatment for various genetic diseases. Most commonly, new and functional DNA is put within a vector which is then inserted into the patient. Gene therapy not only treats the problem but treats the genetic issues with a person’s DNA. The genes help to correct or replace the genes that were functioning incorrectly. Gene therapy helps by stopping a protein from functioning incorrectly, giving a protein a different function, giving the protein its normalRead MoreGenetic Disorders Have Pla gued People For Ages1189 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch and new discoveries in gene therapy has brought new hope to those unfortunate individuals that are ailed by their own genetics. Gene therapy is a technique of correcting defective gene sequences specifically responsible for the disease. In 1990, the first successful clinical trial of gene therapy was initiated for adenosine deaminase deficiency (GT). Since then, the number of clinical treatments induced worldwide has increased exponentially. Gene therapies have been a part of modern medicineRead MoreA Brief Note On Rheumatoid Arthritis And Cxcl 10 / Il 10 Gene Therapy1 Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesTreating Rheumatoid Arthritis with CXCL-10/IL-10 Gene Therapy1 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease. The chronic inflammation they induced lead to severe joint swelling and damage2. It is more likely to strike on aged people and females3. In Australia, 400,000 people are suffering from it with different extent3-4. The mechanisms of the disease are well-studied. The synovium is the primary target of the immune system for RA patients. With white blood cells migrated in, the synovium

Essay on Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults - 1503 Words

Holden 5 Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? Juveniles deserve to be tried the same as adults when they commit certain crimes. The justice systems of America are becoming completely unjust and easy to break through. Juvenile courts haven’t always been known to the everyday person. The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 was the first juvenile court established in the United States (Locked Up†¦). The juvenile court was created to handle the offenders on the basis on their rather than their crime. In the 1980’s and 90’s many states passed laws to try teens as adults (Should Juveniles†¦). The court system served to the minors under the age of sixteen. The courts didn’t typically support disciplinary actions. The people in charge did†¦show more content†¦Everyone has their own opinion as to whether the courts should be abolished or not, but the people for abolishing them believe that the court is based on false premises. They believe that all it d oes for the youth is cover up their actions. They feel as if juveniles are tried as adults they will get the full punishment that is deserved. Juvenile courts fail to stop violence. They believe that they should be punished for adult crimes if they are going to act in such manors (Should Juveniles†¦). While there are many that want to abolish it there are still many that still agree with it. Teens and children aren’t fully matured and shouldn’t be tried based on their immaturity. It is believed that changing the people the juvenile hangs out with will change a lot. The juvenile court is based on a base to bases case that it is to serve the extreme best of the juvenile. The main purpose of the court is to treat not to deter. Juvenile courts are needed to keep hope of those juveniles that still have hope (Should Juveniles†¦). Many believe that gun rights are a serious issue in society today. While there are many that disagree with the statement there are still many that think they laws should be more serious. For example, in Littleton, Colorado two teens were charged for murder. Thirteen were killed and many were injured. Bob Levin argues that, â€Å" the Second Amendment protects America’s right to bear arms, it also puts dangerous weapons in the hands of immature, confusedShow MoreRelatedShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults?1017 Words   |  4 Pagesto be growing up earlier as the years go by. Serious crimes committed by juveniles have stayed pretty much the same in the last twenty years, but that is not to say people have not concluded differently. A thanks to laws passed in the ninety’s and more specifically between ninety two and ninety seven, It is easier to try juveniles as adults in the court system. There are multiple pros and cons to juveniles being trie d as adult. These arguments range from a crime is a crime to they are not mentallyRead MoreShould Juveniles be tried as Adults?2030 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: SHOULD JUVENILES BE TRIED AS ADULTS? Should Juveniles be tried as Adults? Should Juveniles be Tried as Adults? The law states that any person under the age of 18 is classified to be a juvenile and when they commit a crime they are tried in the juvenile court system. Although this is true with most cases there are times when the state will allow youths under the age of 18 to be tried as adults. This differs from state to state as eachRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?4864 Words   |  20 PagesShould juveniles be tried as adults? In my opinion I think they should because when you turn a certain age, you gain certain privileges. â€Å"You achieve certain rewards such as voting rights, the ability to purchase a house, the ability to purchase tobacco products at the local gas station, but most importantly the ability to be held responsible for your actions. When you turn 18 a whole other world opens for you, and that’s because an 18-year-old is considered an adult in nearly every state, whichRead MoreShould A Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pag esevery day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one for the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent that the family is unable to recognize the victim or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be held accountable for their actions? At what ageRead MoreJuveniles Should Be Tried As Adults1964 Words   |  8 Pagescommit an adult crime then you should be charged as an adult as well. Teenagers should be tried as adults for the violent crimes that they commit. In today’s generation, there are a lot of crimes taking place. Adults aren’t the only ones that are committing the crimes, teenagers are as well. If you are old enough to do the crime, you are old enough to do the time. Juveniles should be responsible for their own actions and they should be held accountable for the decisions they make. Juveniles do violentRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1497 Words   |  6 PagesWhether juveniles should be tried as adults in the justice system or not, has been an ongoing debate for many people. There has been many cases throughout time where people under the age of 18 have been tried as adults in the justice system. Information about this debate can be found in articles, novels, and podcasts. Typically people who are under the age of 18 are identified as a juvenile delinquent and go through different procedures after committing a crime. There is many examples and evidenceRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried As Adults1494 Words   |  6 Pages Juveniles should not be tried as adults because it is proven that children are incapable of making a rational, mature decision on their own. Adolescents have a shorter experience in the world, their brains are still developing, they do not have the same responsibilities or rights as adults and they are easily influenced at this age. Let s say a child around the age of twelve is playing with two other friends at his house. His mother and father both work constantly so these children are alone.Read MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried as Adults896 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion: Should juvenile offenders be tried and punished as adults? Claim: Juvenile offenders shouldn’t be tried and punished as adults. I. Introduction a. There has been a lot of controversy over the issue of if juveniles should be tired and punished as adults. II. Harsh Policies Do not work http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/juvenile-justice/factsheets/youthasadults.pdf III. Adult Convictions Jeopardize Children’s Rights and Futures IV. Risks to Children’s Health V. These PoliciesRead MoreShould Juveniles Be Tried As Adults?2843 Words   |  12 PagesUnder most state laws, juvenile offenders do not commit crimes. They commit delinquent acts, some of which are acts that would constitute crimes if committed by an adult. The trial phase of a juvenile case is an adjudication hearing.(Should juveniles be tried as adults? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120602234650AAayOa2) This means that the judge listens to evidence presented and make the determination on whether the child is delinquent.The courtRead MoreShould Juvenile Be Tried As An Adult? Essay1887 Words   |  8 PagesA Juvenile Delinquent Heinous crimes are committed every day in the United States. Each year thousands of juveniles under the age of 18 are arrested. The debate of â€Å"should a juvenile be tried as an adult† is one of the ages. Many would like to argue against the idea as they believe firmly in rehabilitation. But what happens when the crimes are so violent the family is unable to recognize the victim, or when the juvenile shows no remorse and then goes on to harm others. At what age should one be

Marketing Strategies Of Aldi Supermarket †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Strategies Of Aldi. Answer: Introduction This assignment allows thorough application of knowledge, tools, theories, and frameworks involving the strategy and strategic practices of Aldi discount supermarket. Specifically, the marketing-related strategies, as well as their effectiveness regarding the Aldi discount supermarket, are considered (Jrgens, 2014 pp.18). Simply, this paper aims to provide the market analysis, experiences, and practices which cover the marketing theory. Therefore,marketing and management are viewed as a type of an organizational discipline which is concerned with the marketing orientation, methods, as well as techniques within the institutions. Various tools covered within this discipline are obtained from the competitive strategy and economics which analyzes the organizational operations. The consumers have an opportunity in place of competitive markets where they purchase their commodities and services. For Aldi to achieve its business goals, it has to look for the needs of consumers to recognize w ays of satisfying their wants (Gmez-Lobo, Jimnez and Perdiguero, 2015 pp.143). The organization should adopt a specialmarketing strategy which has clear objectives towards the promotional activities. In this paper, the Aldi situation is considered to respond to questions regarding marketing and management. The marketing managers are obliged to monitor activities which include recognizing the needs of customers, communicating with the customers, promoting organizational sales, and build the online platform for the marketing and management. The success of Aldi is determined through marketing since various operations depend on marketing. Philip Kotler uses his model to explore marketing, and he concludes that marketing involves examining, delivering, and establishing value to satisfy the customers needs. Background to the Company In analyzing the background to the company, it was founded in 1946 by Theo Albrecht and Karl. The name Aldi stands for Albrecht-Discount. It has various shops in various countries like Germany, Europe, Australia, and in the United States. The idea of the founders was to reduce the maximum legal discount of three percent before the products were sold. Therefore, the market managers were obliged to require the customers to take the discount stamps and use them to reclaim their money (Rudolph, Schlegelmilch, Bauer, Franch and Meise, 2012 pp.10). After some time, Aldi began to expand internationally. The company specializes in the staple items which include the sanitary articles, the cheap households, the toilet papers, beverages, and foods. Most of the products in Aldi make the brand. Aldi employs various marketing strategies to attract and maintain the customers, increasing the customers satisfaction, as they increase their sales. The reputation of Aldi was initially criticized due to the low prices, but later the company thrived. The business experienced challenges about staffing and has been accused of low business responsibility despite the positive returns. Therefore, the marketing and management within Aldi are a great concern for analysis in this paper. Marketing Strategies Since Aldi was created, it has adopted several marketing strategies. To begin with, Aldi adopted the price, product, and place strategies. Through this strategy, Aldi was concerned with investments and aimed to provide the customers with the maximum savings (Morgan, Kaleka and Katsikeas, 2004 pp.105). Rudolph et al, 2012 argued that Aldi estimated thirteen percent procurement prices, two percent of the logistics, overheads, logistics, marketing, and five percent for staff. The Aldis opening hour were limited and was seen as an intention to market its products (Assignment, 2009 pp.8). Around Aldi there were various facilities which were not offered such as the play area for children, lavatory, the lottery terminals and the photo booths, hence the supermarket avoided the additional costs. In the beginning, Aldi employed three to seven staffs to be in control of the entire shop which is a unique strategy which differed from other supermarkets (Babin and Zikmund, 2015 pp.15). Based on th e basic marketing theory, Aldi aimed to minimize the costs and increase the sales to enhance the consumers satisfaction. The marketing theory was evident in the product marketing strategy since it observed cost-effective ways in displaying their products. The company also had a parking space which attracted customers. Through the marketing theory within the strategy of place, price and products, Aldis strategic location allows a good view from the road. Based on the value-perceived theory, Aldi has embraced the strategies of selling products which are equal to the brand. The company ensures competitive pricing since it is a discount supermarket. For that reason, Aldi sells the products at competitive prices from the competitors. Aldi also adopted the promotion strategies as marketing strategies. The different promotion strategy that Aldi has adopted is advertising using the brands comparison. This type of advertising relates to the consumer behavioral theory since Aldi shows how its brand is equal to others hence ensures the customers needs and wants are fulfilled. The advertising allowed the brand to inform the public about the quality as well as the money value. This marketing strategy allowed Aldi to create a slogan called Like Brands for easy campaigning of the products. They also produced weekly brochures to promote the products to the surrounding community. Additionally, Aldi currently makes use of social media besides other promotion strategies to communicate to the public concerning their products (Arslanagic-Kalajdzic and Zabkar, 2015 pp.90). Additionally, Aldi established two segments for customers who were seen as chosen targets within the marketing strategy. This strategy provided the business with the opportunity to distribute more resources, attract and maintain customers. At the same time, the marketing managers would implement the target decisions and recognize the desired position of the business to reach the customers. The business positionin g was a long-term strategy hence a competitive advantage was created for the business. To conclude about the marketing strategies based on the basic marketing theory, the value-perceived theory, and the consumer behavioral theory, Aldi aimed to sell and increase its popularity to achieve the customers satisfaction and increase revenue. Marketing Options If Aldi wishes to remain successful through the next decade, it has to focus on the marketing options described below. Exploring the circumstances of Aldi in 2016, it is clear that the business needs to adopt new market options to thrive further. For instance, in 2016 Aldi accepted all the four major use of credit cards. Aldi also accepted the Apple Pay Contactless payment system during the same year. Aldi had limited partnership, and it engaged in environmental planning to change the developments (Jones, Reynolds, Arnold, Gabler, Gillison and Landers, 2015 pp.190). The suggested change of development would contribute to the loss of five parking spaces which would have no impact on the organizational plans. Therefore, Aldi filed the application regarding the development changes which held the application. Considering the suggested circumstances in 2016, the proposed development changes would not contribute to further success (Okazaki, 2012 pp.20). For that reason, the Aldi should ado pt the marketing options outlined in this paper to maintain success in 2016. For instance, Aldi embraces the tool concerning cost and the time investment. Aldi should consider various ways of advertising their products and services. The suggested marketing option is by using the internet. It is evident that the online advertising which includes affiliate marketing and the email campaigns adds power to the marketing resources of every business (Dahl, 2014 pp.23). People are using the search engines such as Google, to search for the local resources. The other marketing option suggested to Aldi is the Direct Mail. This marketing option appears outdated, and it is rarely used in the modern world. However, it would be a significant step that Aldi would take to avoid the problems experienced in 2016. The direct mails attract attention and call for attention hence it is an effective marketing tool. Signage is another marketing option which Aldi should consider adopting. The signs put infro nt of the business are a significant way of communicating to the customers. The directory listings, as well as the yellow pages, would be good programs for Aldi. Other marketing options that Aldi should embrace are networking, the customer referrals, and the public relations. All the outlined techniques focus on the same goals of the discussed theories, the marketing theory, the value-perceived theory, and the customer behavioral theories (Wilson, Zeithaml, Bitner. and Gremler, 2012 pp.15). Aldi will hit on the target customers, enhance the satisfaction of customers, and increase their revenue. Aldi will solve the problems experienced in 2016 and also maintain success throughout 2017. Conclusion Aldi takes great strides to venture into the market and works towards increasing revenues as well as enhancing the satisfaction of the customers. The business emphasizes on the quality products and services which ensure the customers are satisfied as the customer behavioral theory indicates. Aldi is obliged to maintain the marketing strategies which it embraces since it was created. The marketing strategies include the promotional and the place, products, and price strategy (Martirano, 2016 pp.94). The business has tope with the competition from other discounting business such as Poundland and Lidi. Morgan et al, 2004 suggest that the quality of products is a significant factor to consider attracting the customers in business. There are many marketing options available that Aldi needs to adopt to maintain success in 2017 based on the circumstances experienced in 2016. The business should adopt the loyalty cards and the reward system which is point-based to ensure Aldi stabilizes the market share. Aldi needs to focus on updating their software and embracing the advances in technology to cope with competition. Aldi plays a great role in the economy of the nation, and therefore it should seek to thrive more than the current situation. Bibliography Ododo, C., Mulholland, G. and Turner, J., 2015, November. Can Discount Pricing Be A Comeptitive Brand Strategy? An Evaluation of Aldi. InInternational Conference on Marketing and Business Development(Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 241-251). Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. Metzger, K., 2014. International Management Analysis of ALDI. Jrgens, U., 2014. German grocery discounters: dynamics and regional impact. The case of schleswig-holstein (Germany).Quaestiones Geographicae,33(4), pp.17-26. Gmez-Lobo, A., Jimnez, J.L. and Perdiguero, J., 2015. The entry of a hard discount supermarket: price effects/La entrada de un supermercado de descuento duro: efecto sobre precios.Investigaciones Regionales, (31), p.143. Rudolph, T., Schlegelmilch, B.B., Bauer, A., Franch, J. and Meise, J.N. eds., 2012.Diversity in European marketing: Text and cases. Springer Science Business Media. Morgan, N.A., Kaleka, A. and Katsikeas, C.S., 2004. Antecedents of export venture performance: A theoretical model and empirical assessment.Journal of marketing,68(1), pp.90-108. Assignment, C.M. 2009, Aldi Supermarkets. [ ]: https://www. slideshare. net. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Arslanagic-Kalajdzic, M. and Zabkar, V., 2015. The external effect of marketing accountability in business relationships: Exploring the role of customer perceived value.Industrial marketing management,46, pp.83-97. Jones, M.A., Reynolds, K.E., Arnold, M.J., Gabler, C.B., Gillison, S.T. and Landers, V.M., 2015. Exploring consumers attitude towards relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing,29(3), pp.188-199. Okazaki, S., 2012.Fundamentals of mobile marketing: theories and practices. Peter Lang Publishing. Dahl, S., 2014.Social media marketing: Theories and applications. Sage. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J. and Gremler, D.D., 2012.Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Martirano, M., 2016. Effects of Marketing Theories and Customer Relationship Management on Small Colleges.International Journal of Marketing Studies,8(4), p.94.

Public Health Epidemiology Disease

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Epidemiology Disease. Answer: Introduction Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is prevalent worldwide with about one-third carrying the bacteria. Out of this, only 10-20% are living with active tuberculosis. People with active infection have higher chance of spreading the disease compared to those with latent TB infection. The rate of tuberculosis infection was 5-6 cases per 100,000 Australian in 2010 and now about 1200 cased of tuberculosis is reported everywhere in Australia (Health.gov.au, 2016). This disease can be controlled by early detection and contact tracing assessments on infected group of people. Therefore, as Public Health Officer within Australian Health Department, this report provides insight into the appropriate method for contact tracing and exposure assessment for a notified TB index case. Notifiable disease Notifiable diseases are those diseases where it is legally necessary to report about such disease to key government authority in a country. This is useful for proper screening and surveillance of the disease so that the key health authority takes appropriate action to prevent the outbreak of the disease in the community. To report about notifiable disease, the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System was established in Australia to keep records of such diseases. Some example of notifiable disease in Australia includes AIDS, cholera, hepatitis, tuberculosis, yellow fever and many others (Milton et al., 2012). The websites providing information about notifiable disease in Australia are as follows- The Australian Government Department of Health Website - https://www.health.gov.au/casedefinitions The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System website of Australia- https://www.health.gov.au/cdnareport The National Disease Surveillance System of Australia website publishes fortnightly reports of Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA). CDNA shares this report and evaluates the communicable disease surveillance in Australia. The report covers the outbreak of disease and level of health department coverage to prevent the epidemic (Department of Health | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, 2016). Symptoms of tuberculosis and disease burden in Australia Tuberculosis disease mainly affects the lungs leading to pulmonary symptoms and when it affects the disease outside the lungs, it leads to extra-pulmonary symptoms. The general symptoms of the disease are weight loss, fatigue, sweating, fever and night sweats. The specific pulmonary symptoms may be symptomatic like chest pain and consistent cough with sputum. However, majority of people with this disease have no symptoms leading to massive bleeding due to erosion of pulmonary artery. On the other hand, extra-pulmonary symptoms include the infection in specific sites like pleura, urinary system, central nervous system and many others. These symptoms are mainly observed in immune-suppressed person and children as their weakened infection exposes them to greater risk of developing the disease (Antune et al., 2016). According to the Notifiable Disease Surveillance System report, the incidence of tuberculosis in Australia was 5.8 cases per 1 lakh population in 2012 and 5.5 cases per 100, 000 populations in 2013. The majority of TB notifications were seen in migrant population and ethnic group. Therefore, the incidence of TB is mostly low in Australia. The estimates of Australian TB burden in terms of mortality rate due to TB and HIV includes 0.02 per 1, 00, 000 population. The incidences of TB were found to mostly increase by age both in males and females. In 2015, about 1254 total case of the disease were identified. Australian Health Department has done a lot to reduce the global burden of the disease by achieving 87% treatment coverage by 2015 (WHO estimates of TB burden, 2016). Contact tracing in epidemiology In epidemiology, contact tracing is a method of assessment to identify people who have come in contact with affected person suffering from communicable disease. The person with infectious disease is called index patients. This is an effective method to control and prevent infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. In case of sexually transmitted disease, partner notification is also done in contact tracing to identify the sexual partners of affected person. The person doing assessment has knowledge of all possible ways by which a person is exposed to the disease or comes in contact with affected person. Contact tracing provide steps to disease identification and active surveillance in affected population. A person is designated as coming in contact with the disease only after proper assessment and identifying that the person was in physical proximity with the index patient who is living with active infection. Conducting contact tracing assessment is essential in epidemiology for early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment process in an individual. This will also serve to eliminate strategy for secondary prevention of disease. It also serves the role of maintain public health through limited outbreak and transmission of disease (Kasaie et al., 2014). Steps for contact tracing for TB in Australia According to International Standard for TB care, all health care providers have the responsibility to ensure that that children and adults in close contacts with people having tuberculosis is evaluated according to International recommendation. Therefore contact tracing is essential for health professionals and their priorities for action are dependent on level of contact. For example people with HIV and those who are exposed with positive pulmonary patients smear are at greater risk of acquiring TB infection, whereas children under 5 years and people with suppressed immunity had high risk of developing active TB (Millet et al., 2013). With this context, the steps for contact tracing for TB in Australia are as follows: The contact tracing assessment is done 14 days after a patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis. The contact tracing assessment depends on geographical location. For example in Pacific Island country, tuberculin skin testing is done for contact assessment and other areas biological assays or chest x-ray is done to monitor patients. In case of location where performing tuberculin skin testing or other assays are not possible, then contact tracing assessment is done by clinical assessment of patients to identify contacts. On identification of person prone to infection by contact, isoniazid preventive treatment is given to prevent infection to tuberculosis disease. The first steps for health staffs for contact tracing is to assess all members for symptoms of tuberculosis infection. The infection of tuberculosis is identified through TB suspect criteria which are as follows: Person with symptoms suggesting TB infection such as productive cough for more than two weeks, loss of appetite, fever and night sweats. TB suspect determined by age, HIV status and prevalence of the disease in local population. The presence of three of the following symptoms also suggest diagnosis of TB which are chronic symptoms of disease, physical signs of TB, positive tuberculin test and chest ray indicating TB (Teo et al., 2015). The next step is to collect sputum samples from suspected person and carry further investigation according to National TB Programme protocol of Australia. If any contact person is identified, then they are registered with National TB programme and treating them according to national treatment guidelines. People with active TB are excluded and those with suggestive contact TB are given isoniazid preventive therapy for 6-9 months. For children under 5 years, this therapy is given for six months only. The guideline for preventive treatment with isoniazid is to directly observe all patients, observe patients for adherence and side-effects and regular follow-up with the patients. In case of children with asymptomatic TB infection, paediatric assessment is done by medical history and physical examination. In case of individual who have no signs and symptoms indicating TB infection, health education is given to make them aware about early signs and symptoms of disease (Goebel et al., 2015). In case of areas, where tuberculin skin testing is done for contact tracing assessment, then all house members are given tuberculin testing. The other key steps for contact tracing through tuberculin skin testing are as follows: In case of people with previous treatment or history of TB, tuberculin skin test is not required and in this case assessment is done to identify signs and symptoms indicating the disease. Tuberculin skin test is not given to children under five years of age and to prevent active infection, such children are given 6 months isoniazid preventive therapy when they come in contact with index patients. Tuberculin skin testing is also not given to HIV infected person as they are very likely to be falsely negative in skin testing. In case of other HIV negative individual and people above 5 years of age who are found with 5-10 mm of tuberculin skin testing, the National TB programmes provides isoniazid preventive therapy (Viney et al., 2015). Report on a child diagnosis with smear positive pulmonary TB while being hospitalized A recent event in a small community in Australia depicts the public burden of tuberculosis and its vulnerability to other population in a community. The incident was published in a local newspaper in a small community in Australia where a school student hospitalized in hospital for health issues was additionally diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary TB. Smear positive cases of TB infection are more risky for other people living in close proximity with affected person in community (definitions, 2016).This risk factor concept has increased anxiety of local community and parents of other students living in the local community after the diagnosis of 8 year old boy with TB during the hospitalization. With this context of public health issue in Australia, this report gives information in identify household contact with the disease and the steps to prevent transmission of infection to other people. Tuberculosis, the chronic infectious disease of the lungs is mainly spread through living in close proximity or contact with people with TB. People who are at high risk of developing TB falls into two categories- Person with recent infection with the bacteria such as person with close contact with infection, children of less than 5 years with positive TB test, homeless person, HIV infected person, health professionals and injection drug users. They are also high risk group for contact tracing. Person with weakened immune infection like HIV infection, kidney disease, low body weight and those undergoing treatment for organ transplant and Crohns disease. Tuberculosis is a global disease burden worldwide with 1.4 million death reported in 2010. The situation of TB infection in Australia has remained relatively stable and currently there are 1254 notifiable cases of TB in Australia in 2015. The rate of tuberculosis infection is found more in infectious and indigenous group. It is necessary that the National TB programme of Australia take immediate steps to prevent active infection in other group in the community. After the incidence of the 8 year old boy diagnosed with smear positive TB in local community, it was necessary to identify other household members who had chance of contact with the disease. The contact tracing and exposure assessment was done for the household. The procedure for identifying household contacts were the same as mentioned above in the national guideline for conducting contact tracing for TB. After the contact tracing and exposures assessment, it was found that only the parents of the child and his 8 year old brother was identified as contact and they had no evidence of TB. Hence for identified household contacts, further examination and diagnostic testing like chest radiograph for TB was done. Children below 5 years are in the high priority group for medical evaluation as they have more vulnerable to invasive infection of TB. As household contacts identified for the childs family included only their parents and his 8 year old brother, they came under medium priority c ontacts. Their treatment and evaluation is done as mentioned in the diagram. The main preventive treatment is isoniazid therapy for a period of six months 8 year old brother and for 9 months for the parents. Evaluation and treatment of medium priority contact. Source: (Guidelines for the Investigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2016) The student diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary TB will have to take the exclusive drugs for TB everyday for six months. The relapse can occur if they become culture positive again after their treatment. The child can join the school when he is no longer infectious after starting treatment and taking medications. There is claim that patients are not infectious after 2 weeks of treatment, however patients sputum is infected with the mycobacteria for many weeks even after the therapy. Many other patients like the child with smear positive infection is released after 2 weeks of medical therapy. As the level of drug resistance differs from person to person, therefore teachers and parents should also take preventive treatment to avoid being diagnosed with the disease (Pietersen et al., 2014). Difference between tuberculosis contact tracing guidelines for Northern Territory and Victoria The procedure for contact tracing in Northern territory starts with classifying the case according to degree of infection and then making a list of contacts according low, medium and high risk. Then all high risk contacts of TB are evaluated first followed by medium and low risk contacts. In case of TB diagnosis in aboriginal community setting, education is given to them to do proper contact tracing (Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Northern Territory, (2016). The method of classifying priority in TB contacts is same for Victoria, the only difference is seen in clinical evaluation. In Northern Territory, it is done by mantoux test and chest X-ray, while in Victoria, it is done by tuberculin skin testing and interferon gamma assays. The Victorian Tuberculosis Program is under the jurisdiction of CDNA and Northern Territory contact tracing guideline is under the jurisdiction of Northern Territory Centre for Diseases Control (Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis i n the Victoria, 2016). Reference Antunes, L. B., Tomberg, J. O., Harter, J., Lima, L. D. M., Beduhn, D. A. V., Gonzales, R. I. C. (2016). The user with respiratory symptoms of tuberculosis in the primary care: assessment of actions according to national recommendations.Northeast Network Nursing Journal,17(3), 409-415, Link- https://www.revistarene.ufc.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/2280 definitions, C. (2016).Case definitions.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138741/ Department of Health | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System - current CDNA fortnightly report. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/cdnareport Goebel, K. M., Tay, E. L., Denholm, J. T. (2015). Supplemental use of an interferon-gamma release assay in a state-wide tuberculosis contact tracing program in Victoria: a six-year review.Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Link- https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26234253 Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Northern Territory, (2016). Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www.health.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/25/05.pdf Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Victoria, (2016). Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/publications/policiesandguidelines/tuberculosis-guidelines-2015 Guidelines for the Investigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious TuberculosisRecommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC. (2016).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5415a1.htm#fig7 Health.gov.au. 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Australia's notifiable disease status, 2010: annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report,36(1), 1-69, Link- https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23153082 Pietersen, E., Ignatius, E., Streicher, E. M., Mastrapa, B., Padanilam, X., Pooran, A., ... Warren, R. (2014). Long-term outcomes of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study.The Lancet,383(9924), 1230-1239, Link- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62675-6/abstract Teo, S. S., Tay, E. L., Douglas, P., Krause, V. L., Graham, S. M. (2015). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in children in Australia, 20032012.The Medical journal of Australia,203(11), 440-440, Link- https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2015/203/11/epidemiology-tuberculosis-children-australia-2003-2012?inline=true Viney, K., Hoy, D., Roth, A., Kelly, P., Harley, D., Sleigh, A. (2015). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Pacific Islands region: 2000 to 2013.Western Pacific Surveillance and Response,6(3, Link- https://ojs.wpro.who.int/ojs/index.php/wpsar/article/view/295 WHO estimates of TB burden. (2016). Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Repletname=/WHO_HQ_Reports/G2/PROD/EXT/TBCountryProfileISO2=Auouttype=pdf