Public Health Epidemiology Disease

Question: Discuss about the Public Health Epidemiology Disease. Answer: Introduction Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is prevalent worldwide with about one-third carrying the bacteria. Out of this, only 10-20% are living with active tuberculosis. People with active infection have higher chance of spreading the disease compared to those with latent TB infection. The rate of tuberculosis infection was 5-6 cases per 100,000 Australian in 2010 and now about 1200 cased of tuberculosis is reported everywhere in Australia (Health.gov.au, 2016). This disease can be controlled by early detection and contact tracing assessments on infected group of people. Therefore, as Public Health Officer within Australian Health Department, this report provides insight into the appropriate method for contact tracing and exposure assessment for a notified TB index case. Notifiable disease Notifiable diseases are those diseases where it is legally necessary to report about such disease to key government authority in a country. This is useful for proper screening and surveillance of the disease so that the key health authority takes appropriate action to prevent the outbreak of the disease in the community. To report about notifiable disease, the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System was established in Australia to keep records of such diseases. Some example of notifiable disease in Australia includes AIDS, cholera, hepatitis, tuberculosis, yellow fever and many others (Milton et al., 2012). The websites providing information about notifiable disease in Australia are as follows- The Australian Government Department of Health Website - https://www.health.gov.au/casedefinitions The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System website of Australia- https://www.health.gov.au/cdnareport The National Disease Surveillance System of Australia website publishes fortnightly reports of Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA). CDNA shares this report and evaluates the communicable disease surveillance in Australia. The report covers the outbreak of disease and level of health department coverage to prevent the epidemic (Department of Health | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, 2016). Symptoms of tuberculosis and disease burden in Australia Tuberculosis disease mainly affects the lungs leading to pulmonary symptoms and when it affects the disease outside the lungs, it leads to extra-pulmonary symptoms. The general symptoms of the disease are weight loss, fatigue, sweating, fever and night sweats. The specific pulmonary symptoms may be symptomatic like chest pain and consistent cough with sputum. However, majority of people with this disease have no symptoms leading to massive bleeding due to erosion of pulmonary artery. On the other hand, extra-pulmonary symptoms include the infection in specific sites like pleura, urinary system, central nervous system and many others. These symptoms are mainly observed in immune-suppressed person and children as their weakened infection exposes them to greater risk of developing the disease (Antune et al., 2016). According to the Notifiable Disease Surveillance System report, the incidence of tuberculosis in Australia was 5.8 cases per 1 lakh population in 2012 and 5.5 cases per 100, 000 populations in 2013. The majority of TB notifications were seen in migrant population and ethnic group. Therefore, the incidence of TB is mostly low in Australia. The estimates of Australian TB burden in terms of mortality rate due to TB and HIV includes 0.02 per 1, 00, 000 population. The incidences of TB were found to mostly increase by age both in males and females. In 2015, about 1254 total case of the disease were identified. Australian Health Department has done a lot to reduce the global burden of the disease by achieving 87% treatment coverage by 2015 (WHO estimates of TB burden, 2016). Contact tracing in epidemiology In epidemiology, contact tracing is a method of assessment to identify people who have come in contact with affected person suffering from communicable disease. The person with infectious disease is called index patients. This is an effective method to control and prevent infectious diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. In case of sexually transmitted disease, partner notification is also done in contact tracing to identify the sexual partners of affected person. The person doing assessment has knowledge of all possible ways by which a person is exposed to the disease or comes in contact with affected person. Contact tracing provide steps to disease identification and active surveillance in affected population. A person is designated as coming in contact with the disease only after proper assessment and identifying that the person was in physical proximity with the index patient who is living with active infection. Conducting contact tracing assessment is essential in epidemiology for early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment process in an individual. This will also serve to eliminate strategy for secondary prevention of disease. It also serves the role of maintain public health through limited outbreak and transmission of disease (Kasaie et al., 2014). Steps for contact tracing for TB in Australia According to International Standard for TB care, all health care providers have the responsibility to ensure that that children and adults in close contacts with people having tuberculosis is evaluated according to International recommendation. Therefore contact tracing is essential for health professionals and their priorities for action are dependent on level of contact. For example people with HIV and those who are exposed with positive pulmonary patients smear are at greater risk of acquiring TB infection, whereas children under 5 years and people with suppressed immunity had high risk of developing active TB (Millet et al., 2013). With this context, the steps for contact tracing for TB in Australia are as follows: The contact tracing assessment is done 14 days after a patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis. The contact tracing assessment depends on geographical location. For example in Pacific Island country, tuberculin skin testing is done for contact assessment and other areas biological assays or chest x-ray is done to monitor patients. In case of location where performing tuberculin skin testing or other assays are not possible, then contact tracing assessment is done by clinical assessment of patients to identify contacts. On identification of person prone to infection by contact, isoniazid preventive treatment is given to prevent infection to tuberculosis disease. The first steps for health staffs for contact tracing is to assess all members for symptoms of tuberculosis infection. The infection of tuberculosis is identified through TB suspect criteria which are as follows: Person with symptoms suggesting TB infection such as productive cough for more than two weeks, loss of appetite, fever and night sweats. TB suspect determined by age, HIV status and prevalence of the disease in local population. The presence of three of the following symptoms also suggest diagnosis of TB which are chronic symptoms of disease, physical signs of TB, positive tuberculin test and chest ray indicating TB (Teo et al., 2015). The next step is to collect sputum samples from suspected person and carry further investigation according to National TB Programme protocol of Australia. If any contact person is identified, then they are registered with National TB programme and treating them according to national treatment guidelines. People with active TB are excluded and those with suggestive contact TB are given isoniazid preventive therapy for 6-9 months. For children under 5 years, this therapy is given for six months only. The guideline for preventive treatment with isoniazid is to directly observe all patients, observe patients for adherence and side-effects and regular follow-up with the patients. In case of children with asymptomatic TB infection, paediatric assessment is done by medical history and physical examination. In case of individual who have no signs and symptoms indicating TB infection, health education is given to make them aware about early signs and symptoms of disease (Goebel et al., 2015). In case of areas, where tuberculin skin testing is done for contact tracing assessment, then all house members are given tuberculin testing. The other key steps for contact tracing through tuberculin skin testing are as follows: In case of people with previous treatment or history of TB, tuberculin skin test is not required and in this case assessment is done to identify signs and symptoms indicating the disease. Tuberculin skin test is not given to children under five years of age and to prevent active infection, such children are given 6 months isoniazid preventive therapy when they come in contact with index patients. Tuberculin skin testing is also not given to HIV infected person as they are very likely to be falsely negative in skin testing. In case of other HIV negative individual and people above 5 years of age who are found with 5-10 mm of tuberculin skin testing, the National TB programmes provides isoniazid preventive therapy (Viney et al., 2015). Report on a child diagnosis with smear positive pulmonary TB while being hospitalized A recent event in a small community in Australia depicts the public burden of tuberculosis and its vulnerability to other population in a community. The incident was published in a local newspaper in a small community in Australia where a school student hospitalized in hospital for health issues was additionally diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary TB. Smear positive cases of TB infection are more risky for other people living in close proximity with affected person in community (definitions, 2016).This risk factor concept has increased anxiety of local community and parents of other students living in the local community after the diagnosis of 8 year old boy with TB during the hospitalization. With this context of public health issue in Australia, this report gives information in identify household contact with the disease and the steps to prevent transmission of infection to other people. Tuberculosis, the chronic infectious disease of the lungs is mainly spread through living in close proximity or contact with people with TB. People who are at high risk of developing TB falls into two categories- Person with recent infection with the bacteria such as person with close contact with infection, children of less than 5 years with positive TB test, homeless person, HIV infected person, health professionals and injection drug users. They are also high risk group for contact tracing. Person with weakened immune infection like HIV infection, kidney disease, low body weight and those undergoing treatment for organ transplant and Crohns disease. Tuberculosis is a global disease burden worldwide with 1.4 million death reported in 2010. The situation of TB infection in Australia has remained relatively stable and currently there are 1254 notifiable cases of TB in Australia in 2015. The rate of tuberculosis infection is found more in infectious and indigenous group. It is necessary that the National TB programme of Australia take immediate steps to prevent active infection in other group in the community. After the incidence of the 8 year old boy diagnosed with smear positive TB in local community, it was necessary to identify other household members who had chance of contact with the disease. The contact tracing and exposure assessment was done for the household. The procedure for identifying household contacts were the same as mentioned above in the national guideline for conducting contact tracing for TB. After the contact tracing and exposures assessment, it was found that only the parents of the child and his 8 year old brother was identified as contact and they had no evidence of TB. Hence for identified household contacts, further examination and diagnostic testing like chest radiograph for TB was done. Children below 5 years are in the high priority group for medical evaluation as they have more vulnerable to invasive infection of TB. As household contacts identified for the childs family included only their parents and his 8 year old brother, they came under medium priority c ontacts. Their treatment and evaluation is done as mentioned in the diagram. The main preventive treatment is isoniazid therapy for a period of six months 8 year old brother and for 9 months for the parents. Evaluation and treatment of medium priority contact. Source: (Guidelines for the Investigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2016) The student diagnosed with smear positive pulmonary TB will have to take the exclusive drugs for TB everyday for six months. The relapse can occur if they become culture positive again after their treatment. The child can join the school when he is no longer infectious after starting treatment and taking medications. There is claim that patients are not infectious after 2 weeks of treatment, however patients sputum is infected with the mycobacteria for many weeks even after the therapy. Many other patients like the child with smear positive infection is released after 2 weeks of medical therapy. As the level of drug resistance differs from person to person, therefore teachers and parents should also take preventive treatment to avoid being diagnosed with the disease (Pietersen et al., 2014). Difference between tuberculosis contact tracing guidelines for Northern Territory and Victoria The procedure for contact tracing in Northern territory starts with classifying the case according to degree of infection and then making a list of contacts according low, medium and high risk. Then all high risk contacts of TB are evaluated first followed by medium and low risk contacts. In case of TB diagnosis in aboriginal community setting, education is given to them to do proper contact tracing (Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Northern Territory, (2016). The method of classifying priority in TB contacts is same for Victoria, the only difference is seen in clinical evaluation. In Northern Territory, it is done by mantoux test and chest X-ray, while in Victoria, it is done by tuberculin skin testing and interferon gamma assays. The Victorian Tuberculosis Program is under the jurisdiction of CDNA and Northern Territory contact tracing guideline is under the jurisdiction of Northern Territory Centre for Diseases Control (Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis i n the Victoria, 2016). Reference Antunes, L. B., Tomberg, J. O., Harter, J., Lima, L. D. M., Beduhn, D. A. V., Gonzales, R. I. C. (2016). The user with respiratory symptoms of tuberculosis in the primary care: assessment of actions according to national recommendations.Northeast Network Nursing Journal,17(3), 409-415, Link- https://www.revistarene.ufc.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/2280 definitions, C. (2016).Case definitions.Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138741/ Department of Health | National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System - current CDNA fortnightly report. (2016).Health.gov.au. Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://www.health.gov.au/cdnareport Goebel, K. M., Tay, E. L., Denholm, J. T. (2015). Supplemental use of an interferon-gamma release assay in a state-wide tuberculosis contact tracing program in Victoria: a six-year review.Communicable Diseases Intelligence, Link- https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26234253 Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Northern Territory, (2016). Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www.health.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/25/05.pdf Guidelines for the control of Tuberculosis in the Victoria, (2016). Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/publications/policiesandguidelines/tuberculosis-guidelines-2015 Guidelines for the Investigation of Contacts of Persons with Infectious TuberculosisRecommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC. (2016).Cdc.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5415a1.htm#fig7 Health.gov.au. (2016).Department of Health | Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2010. [online] Available at: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/cda-cdi3801i.htm [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. Kasaie, P., Andrews, J. R., Kelton, W. D., Dowdy, D. W. (2014). Timing of tuberculosis transmission and the impact of household contact tracing. An agent-based simulation model.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,189(7), 845-852, Link- https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201310-1846OC Millet, J. P., Moreno, A., Fina, L., Del Bao, L., Orcau, A., de Olalla, P. G., Cayla, J. A. (2013). Factors that influence current tuberculosis epidemiology.European Spine Journal,22(4), 539-548, Link- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-012-2334-8 Milton, A., Stirzaker, S., Trungove, M., Knuckey, D., Martin, N., Hastie, C., ... Martinek, S. (2012). Australia's notifiable disease status, 2010: annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report,36(1), 1-69, Link- https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/23153082 Pietersen, E., Ignatius, E., Streicher, E. M., Mastrapa, B., Padanilam, X., Pooran, A., ... Warren, R. (2014). Long-term outcomes of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study.The Lancet,383(9924), 1230-1239, Link- https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)62675-6/abstract Teo, S. S., Tay, E. L., Douglas, P., Krause, V. L., Graham, S. M. (2015). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in children in Australia, 20032012.The Medical journal of Australia,203(11), 440-440, Link- https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2015/203/11/epidemiology-tuberculosis-children-australia-2003-2012?inline=true Viney, K., Hoy, D., Roth, A., Kelly, P., Harley, D., Sleigh, A. (2015). The epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Pacific Islands region: 2000 to 2013.Western Pacific Surveillance and Response,6(3, Link- https://ojs.wpro.who.int/ojs/index.php/wpsar/article/view/295 WHO estimates of TB burden. (2016). Retrieved 15 November 2016, from https://extranet.who.int/sree/Reports?op=Repletname=/WHO_HQ_Reports/G2/PROD/EXT/TBCountryProfileISO2=Auouttype=pdf

How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers - the Story

How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers - the Story How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers - the Story Know how your essay is going to be evaluated. Even if the chosen topic is crucial to you, don't attempt to help it become personal. Generally, the restated topic is just one sentence long. After you've restated the subject of the research, you've got to restate your thesis statement. The conclusion provides you with an opportunity to possess the last word on this issue available. If you post a question in the debut, make sure an obvious answer is mentioned in the long run. For example, if you started your research with a question, conclusion is an ideal place to deliver an answer in their opinion. The conclusion should demonstrate that the stated thesis was supported by the job. Any conclusion includes a couple elements, so you may pick unique approaches based on your agenda and the paper type. Your conclusion can go past the confines of the assignment. Yo u need to be prepared to compose a conclusion for absolutely any academic piece to deserve the maximum grade. Life After How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers A weak final portion of an essay is a typical mistake of several writers who don't understand how to conclude. Mind the manner of your essay when you consider strategies to compose a conclusion. Also, you'll need to alter your thesis and complete the essay, developing a proposal of your view on the matter. Finding out how to end a paper with a proper conclusion is a vital portion of being a high quality writer. The main aim of the paper needs to be declared in the entry paragraph. The summary closing has become the most basic deduction. A shorter paper of a couple pages might only require a single paragraph. A paper of any significant length will most likely require a conclusion of many paragraphs to be able to effectively accomplish a conclusion's purpose. A conclusion can offer readers with a brief summary of the text, leading them to a logical end of the analysis. ORGANIZE YOUR NOTES Organize all of the information that you have gathered based on your outline. Just supply a concise breakdown of vital points, and be sure you don't add any new details in the conclusion. After the title page, it is crucial to incorporate an abstract. The Rise of How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers A typical research paper would make it possible for an elaborative conclusion that could spawn over the duration of a couple pages. Different scientific papers will call for varied objectives, therefore it's beneficial to look at the particular assignment requirements for each paper. A research paper conclusion is just one of the most crucial components of writing a comprehensive paper. It has a wide range of functions. The only difference you've got to mind is that you have to restate your thesis in the very first statement of your conclusion. Normally, there are 3 arguments. Try to rem ember that conclusions are entirely new conclusions. How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers Can Be Fun for Everyone Among the criteria for writing a thriving student work isn't only a competent statement of thought but in addition the right observance of the structure the introduction, the human body and the conclusion. If you would like to learn to compose a productive conclusion for a research paper meaning you want the greatest possible score, focus on the abstract, introduction, and results. Finding out how to compose a research paper conclusion is the most crucial thing as it proves the importance of the study. A number of the examples of excellent research paper topics incorporate the effect of greater alcohol consumption on the wellness of human liver or the power of the death penalty law activated in some states. Your task was supposed to move from the area of study to the particular research issue. The next thing to do is to observe the feasible approaches to wring an ideal research paper conclusion. Your structure should be flexible enough to fulfill the demands of your purpose and audience. How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers Secrets The main reason is that each research paper is distinctive and different in its sense. To synthesize effectively, you want to reveal your readers how everything that you put in your research paper fits with each other to create a cohesive whole. It's unmistakably a fact that the procedure for research paper writing is much rigorous sort of work to do. Such papers are targeted at altering the mind of the readers so they can take the desired action. New Questions About How to Write Conclusions for Research Papers Every one of them has great importance. The sole critical mistake you may make is to demonstrate a distinct disrespect. When you're immersed in studying, find out more about the problem that you presumably know a good deal about, perhaps even more than your professor. A part of evidence should adhere to every new author's argument.

Argumentative Essay Topics

Argumentative Essay TopicsWhat are the best argumentative essay topics? Well, if you're a student at a university, you'll want to be familiar with every topic that can be used as an argumentative essay topic. There are only a limited number of topics that you will be able to use, and only a few topics that you will have to avoid if you want to get good grades.As mentioned above, there are only a few topics that are offered at most colleges and universities, and so the only way that high school students can get these subjects is by taking some courses in higher education. Usually, the courses in higher education have to be chosen very carefully, because these courses are usually given by the college administration. Therefore, the best places to go to for such a course are universities.Of course, even high school students don't usually get to go to such universities. For them, the best option would be to take some classes in the liberal arts department. These classes can provide many o pportunities to discover topics that will be valuable in argumentative essays. They can also help students realize that they can use their favorite topics in argumentative essays.For example, here's an example of an argument that can be used to make the case that the proponents of evolution cannot possibly prove their claims that living things are closely related to extinct ones. Suppose that a group of paleontologists or evolutionary biologists presents a specimen that shows that a crocodile has no relation to dinosaurs. In this case, the argument would state that it's too close of a relationship for a paleontologist to consider it to be a dinosaur. The proponents of evolution would then try to make the claim that the extinct creature is too similar to live creatures to be considered a dinosaur.Since they're not a firm theory, they can't make any claims about a new topic or evidence, but there are plenty of facts available that demonstrate their wrongness. So there's plenty of supp orting evidence that makes their claims incorrect.Likewise, if a group of people is trying to claim that life on earth began with the death of dinosaurs, there's plenty of supporting data that proves that it's a silly claim. Sure, it's possible that life can begin with the death of a certain animal, but there are no fossils left to prove it. And, there's no way that you can prove that the death of a certain animal means that life has begun.Of course, you could try to back up your arguments by quoting from the writings of scientists, but as mentioned above, those are only arguable facts. It's difficult to know what those facts mean, and that makes it hard to make a strong argument.So it's best to go to a liberal arts education professor and ask for a list of topics, so that you can figure out which ones are worth writing about. Once you get an idea of the topics that are given, then you can write about the arguments that you have found for and against the topics that are available.

Creating a Topic That Can Make Your Paper Interesting

Creating a Topic That Can Make Your Paper InterestingIt is really difficult to create a topic on which you can write a twenty-five page essay but it may not be hard to write a longer one when you just think about it. As long as you follow the rules for essay writing and be creative, you can come up with some really good essays for your papers.First of all, if you want to write a short essay, do not put everything in one chapter. The first paragraph should be the opening part of the essay that will start with the introduction. If you don't have time to write the whole thing yourself, you can hire a professional writer to help you. Remember that there are a lot of people who can help you and they might be cheaper than hiring an essay writer.As a writer, you need to know about the different kinds of writing styles that you need to learn. You need to know about the most important elements of writing an essay that you need to remember and how to write an essay for a student and a school. This is what you need to know to help you achieve success in your writing.The main theme for your essay will be the main topic that you want to discuss in your paper. For this reason, you need to know that the introduction will have the main subject of your essay and it will include some of the parts that are related to the main subject of your essay.In this part, you need to make a study of the main topic of your essay so that you can create a good introduction. The entire essay is basically the study of the subject. In order to understand your main theme and make a good topic statement, you need to know what the main topic is.After you know the topic, you need to come up with a whole bunch of information on the subject. As an example, you can talk about some facts or information about the title of your essay. Keep in mind that you are writing for your college paper, not for the university publication so make sure that the information you are presenting will be interesting for your readers.In order to ensure that your topic is interesting, you need to make sure that you focus on the main topics of your essay. Also, when writing the body of your essay, make sure that you write something that will make your readers engaged. This will be really important because you want your readers to read your essay and give them attention to make them understand the main topic.There are many types of writing essays that you can write and they are so different but the main idea is the same. Just focus on the topic that you want to discuss and that you are interested in and then you can come up with a great essay that will not only make you feel good but will also provide some insights for your readers.

The protest movement in Egypt

The Egyptian revolution succeeded the Tunisian revolution that saw Tunisian president Ben Ali end his twenty-five years regime and flee into exile (Chossudovsky, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The protest movement in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In Egypt, the revolution started on 25th January 2011 with emphasis on peaceful protest in airing out their views on issues that have not been addressed in the county for a longer time with the participants comprising of civil society and the other citizens who organized a series of demonstrations, civil disobedience, marches as well as labor strikes demanding to overthrow the regime of Hosni Mubarak (Bengali, 2011). The protest took place in Alexandria, Cairo and other major cities of Egypt that resulted into resignation of the President Mubarak with their grievances focusing mainly on social, economic and political issues such as police brutality, free and fair elections, freedom of speech, state of emergency laws, and corruption in public sector among others with labor unions putting more pressure on government officials to join the demonstrators (Chossudovsky, 2010). The Egyptian revolution was caused by several factors, to start with, police force in Egypt were brutal to the citizens with constant corporal punishment regardless of the offence committed by an individual(Khalil,2011). This behavior of the law enforcing agencies caused panic among the citizens who were not able to report cases affecting them to the police for fear of victimization and corrupt dealings before the case is handled (Bengali, 2011). The human right agencies documented larger number of people to have been tortured to death by the police between 1993 and 2007 as multiple witnesses claimed many citizens have been killed by the police (Chossudovsky, 2010). Secondly, the .demonstrators blamed the government of much corruption within the public sector as a result of prolonged presidency power of Mubarak as several great business persons were close allies close to the president’s party National Development Party enjoyed monopoly of all the companies in the country (Roi, 2010). This created a picture â€Å"where wealth fuels political power and political power buys wealth†. Moreover, during the parliamentary elections of 2010, the opposition groups complained of serious harassments of individuals with information in regard to corruption cases in the country making citizens shy away and not able to give information to the law enforcing agencies (Bengali, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, the Emergency law in Egypt that was enacted in 1967 and suspended in 1980 by President Sadat for eighteen month in 1981 continued to affect the lives of citizens as the law extended the power of police and gave the government power to imprison individual indefinitely without any reason (Roi, 2010). The law also bares any non-governmental organization from participating in political activity such as participating in street demonstration and giving financial assistance to the needy with government under President Mubarak citing terrorism as the major cause of extending the emergency laws claiming that groups such as Muslim Brotherhood are likely to incite citizens and be able to ascend to power (Balluch, 2011). This led to arrest of several members of the group between 5000and 10000 to serve long-term detention and media crackdown in December 2010 hence the protest. In addition, Egyptian revolution was caused by power rivalry between the various groups in Egypt who were against the power inheritance. From the year 2000, Hosni has been grooming his son Gamal Mubarak to be his successor when he retires making Gamal to enjoy media coverage as the next president of Egypt and even represented his father in nat ional functions since the country lacked vice president (Roi, 2010). This move was greatly opposed by various party groups most of which are non official parties, they campaign against aristocratic leadership in the country that does not give chance to other deserving citizens to lead (Balluch, 2011). However, both Mubarak and his son denied the claim as baseless and tailored to spoil their names. Moreover, the economic situation in Egypt promoted a move to the revolution .Egypt had a closed centralized economy under President Gamel Abdel Nasser that was opened up by Sadat and promoted by Mubarak who later postponed further economic reforms leading to a fall in economic growth in 2009 (Khalil, 2011). However, despite of high economic growth in the past years ,citizens continued living below average life with basic necessities difficult to come by with majority population being poor with unemployment rate of 10 making university and college graduates sort for other means of earning a living (Balluch, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The protest movement in Egypt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In conclusion, the Egyptian revolution that was initiated and organized by the majority youths ended with the resignation of the long serving President of the republic. The international community led by USA appealed to the President Mubarak to accept the voices of the people so as to enhance peace to the nation after his resignation, several initiatives to improve the living standards of the people have been put in place under the leadership of former Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif (Khalil, 2011). References Balluch, M. 2011. The Protest movement in Egypt, Global Research Web. Available at:  http://www.peacealliancewinnipeg.ca/ [Accesed] 21st September 2011 Bengali.H. (2011).Day of departure’ ends with Mubarak still in power. Alexandria: Alexandria Publisher Chossudovsky, M. (2010).The pr otest movement in Egypt: â€Å"Dictators† do not dictate, they obey orders. Cairo. Cairo Printing press Khalil, M. (2011). Invisible Victims of the Protest Movement in Egypt. Cairo: Al Ahram Al Arabi Printing Press Roi, Y. (2010).From encroachment to involvement: a documentary study of Egyptian peace movement. Alexandria: Al Ahram Al Riyadi PublishersAdvertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Annotated Bibliography Three authors working independently, researched on the protest in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya to test the hypothesis that dictators obey orders of their subjects. They interviewed several citizens of Tunisia, Egyptian and Libya on one to one basis to ascertain his claim by interrogating investigating the activities of the security forces, provision of employment and the law making processes on how their government protect and listen to the views of the citizens. Chossudovsky found out that the hypothesis strongly supported the previous Egyptian regime of President Sadat and not the Mubarak regime. Due to the large number of years in service the President made himself an absolute law maker and did not listen to anyone’s opinion. Khalili cited below discovered that most of the dictatorial laws are made by the citizens themselves and rulers only ensure their implementation. To achieve this, more strict regulations laws are enacted to give room for dictatorshi p as they claim to implement what is according to their own citizens. In contrast, Bengali saw no relationship between the ruled and the rulers and claimed the rulers usually make and implement their own laws without the consent of the ruled who are forced to adhere to the needs of the rulers. The authors then concluded contrary to their hypothesis which had been approved earlier by Roy in his investigation. This essay on The protest movement in Egypt was written and submitted by user Kael Macias to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay Writing Formats - Which Essay Format to Use?

Essay Writing Formats - Which Essay Format to Use?When you are researching about the best essay writing formats, then you have to understand the necessity of the form that you will be using. You can actually find out what is the essay format that you should be using by simply asking around, checking out the types of essay writing formats which you have to use. The Internet can give you all the answers you need in order to be able to write your essay on the right track.One of the most important things to take note of when deciding which essay writing format to use is how you will be addressing the topic. When you have a specific topic, you should ensure that the essay you are writing uses the specific words that have to be used. It would be helpful to make sure that you address the subject matter when you are writing your essay.With the passage of time, essay writing has gained a lot of importance. This has resulted in people writing about subjects which they know very well. They have taken great care in writing the essay to make sure that it is right and perfect for the essay topic that they are writing.If you are trying to write a general essay, you can either opt for the essay format that is more casual or more formal. The essay format that you have chosen must correspond to the subject matter that you have chosen. This makes sure that the essay will not be too formal for the audience and thus at the same time, you can still get across the important message that you want to convey.However, if you want to learn a bit more about the art of writing, you can browse the Internet or visit a classroom and take part in some writing lessons. In this way, you can learn more about the technique of essay writing and also see if you can improve your writing skills by using the right essay writing formats. Even if you do not have the time to attend the class, there are other essay writing formats that you can find out there. You can search for a number of online essay writ ing resources that provide sample essays for free. There are also many books that you can purchase over the Internet. These books can be of help when you want to learn how to write the right kind of essay. There are also online forums that you can look into so that you can get to know more about writing essays.Whatever you end up doing, ensure that you are thorough in the selection of essay writing formats. This will ensure that you will be able to write your essay properly.

The Marketing Mix Essays

The Marketing Mix Essays The Marketing Mix Essay The Marketing Mix Essay Running Head: The Marketing Mix: Distribution Channels What might the inventors of new â€Å"flying cars† need to consider to develop a distribution strategy for their proposed products? Customers are more sophisticated than ever before and they have access to high quality information from the internet, so they make decisions based off excess information. The first step that should be considered to sale Flying Cars is a centralized location. Once a location is established then what would be the most cost-effective way to create demand for Flying Cars? Followed â€Å"by how do customers want to shop and buy? I think the best distribution channel for selling Flying Cars would be the producer to wholesaler, to retailer to consumer. As for the Distribution Intensity, I think the best bet would be the Exclusive Distribution. The first step that should be considered is a centralized location. Producers find that it is an issue to figure out where to invest. They have to pick the ri ght place to sale their product. I don’t think that an airline would necessarily be the right place to sale the Flying Cars because an airline consists of large planes and thousands of people a day. If a Flying Car is going to be used as something that people can take to work, school, grocery store, and ect. Then perhaps they should be sold in an area where regular cars are sold. Once a location is established then what is the most cost-effective way to create demand for Flying Cars? A transportation method can be created to implement both a driving and flying status. Consumers would be thrilled to be able to commute faster and alleviate the traffic jams. An advertisement through television coupled with radio commercials would be a suffice way to ensure that the word is going out to the public on the latest and greatest transportation method. In addition to this way of advertising the producer can also advertise through internet, billboards, flyers, and magazines. Customers would eventually be persuaded through advertisement to want to purchase a Flying Car. I think the best distribution channel for selling Flying Cars would be the producer to wholesaler, to the retailer to consumer. The wholesaler will get the products from the manufacturer, usually in very large quantities, and in turn sells them to retail establishments at a higher up price. The wholesalers can also sell to institutions and professional groups. This will take the burden of distributing off the manufacturer and allows them to focus on developing and advertising new products. As for the Distribution Intensity, I think the best bet would be the Exclusive Distribution. This is when the manufacturers grant certain dealers special rights to sell the product. This type of distribution is used for selling cars, and because it is the same concept for Flying Cars, it would be beneficial to use the same strategy. The retailer benefits from the lack of competition, and the manufacturer benefits from a greater sales commitment on the part of the retailer. Furthermore, exclusive distribution gives the manufacturer better control over the way the product is merchandised. References: indusperfgrp. com/newdiststrat. htm wisegeek. com/what-is-a-wholesaler. htm The Marketing Mix Essays The Marketing Mix Essay The Marketing Mix Essay The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the following four categories:* Product* Price* Place (distribution)* PromotionThese variables are known as the marketing mix or the 4 Ps of marketing. They are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. The marketing mix is portrayed in the following diagram:The Marketing MixThe firm attempts to generate a positive response in the target market by blending these four marketing mix variables in an optimal manner.ProductMicrosoft needs the Xbox to be the leader in the gaming market and needs a competitive advantage over the Sony Playstation and the Game cube. Xbox has many features, which will appeal to different audiences. From the SWOT an analysis I conclude the Product should contain the following features:* A good reputation with customers* Development potential* To become the hardware giant not just the software giant* To have good game development companies behind the XboxThe Xbox has many functions such as a DVD player which only can be activated by purchasing remote control which is sold separately, Microsoft should decide that to give this free with the Xbox when someone purchase it, because the competitor Sony Playstation 2 has a DVD facility; as to my secondary information I done a questionnaire, and I asked what do you consider first when buying a games console, and the results showed that 10 people said graphics, 4 people said DVD Compatibility and also 4 people said price and 2 people said broadband compatible. This tells us that 4 people from 20 people who done the questionnaire said they would buy a console which had DVD compatibility; people are willing to pay extra for extra features. This tells us that Microsoft needs to include the remote control, and also that Microsoft need to grow the Xbox brand even bigger.PlaceA product is unlikely to be successful if customers find it difficult to purchase, so place is a v ital part of the marketing mix. After doing my research I found out the many people by gaming related products from the High Street, Microsoft needs to continue to attract new shops to sell their product, also Microsoft needs to sell their Xbox to a respectable businesses such as these,Microsoft needs to continue the relationship with stores like these; they cannot afford to sell the Xbox to corrupted businesses which can ruin the Xbox, but also they need to sell the Xbox to as may outlets as possible. Also in my survey I found out that many people like to buy products from the Internet, on the Internet you can find the Xbox for sale on many websites such as these,www.gameplay.com, www.game.uk.com and www.amazon.co.uk.PricePrice is another element of the marketing mix. Microsoft must decide how to price its product. In making this decision Microsoft has to consider, what the prices are set by competitors, how price can be used to increase sales of the product, whether the price will cover costs of production, whether customers are willing to pay that set price and different pricing strategies such as skimming or penetration pricing. For the Xbox Microsoft need to use the penetration pricing strategy because, Microsoft needs to build market share and also from my primary information I found out that price was the one of the main consideration when they considered in buying a games console.Penetration pricing pursues the objective of quantity maximization by means of a low price. It is most appropriate when:* Demand is expected to be highly elastic; that is, customers are price sensitive and the quantity demanded will increase significantly as price declines.* Large decreases in cost are expected as cumulative volume increases.* The product is of the nature of something that can gain mass appeal fairly quickly.* There is a threat of impending competition.As from above penetration pricing is appropriate as for one reason, if there is a threat from competition, th is is very true because Microsoft have lots of competition, and by pricing the product lower than the competition, they can persuade the public to buy the Xbox. All the prices can be found in table 1 in the secondary information section.PromotionMicrosoft needs to decide how best to promote the products they make and sell. The decision involves weighing up the relative cost of each form or promotion and how best to target their customers. Microsoft needs to use this promotional mix to promote the Xbox.Advertising Actual game play footageMicrosoft need to continue to advertise the Xbox on television, when they are advertising they need to show, what the Xbox can do, they need to show a bit of game play of the video games so people can see the graphics, because in my primary information I found out that that from my research that 10 out of 20 people, half of the people that I handed out the questionnaire out, said they would consider to purchase a games console, if it had good graphic s. This is good for Microsoft because they have produced a very powerful console and they need to show it to the public so they know what the Xbox is about. Also I feel that Microsoft can advertise in magazines, because from my primary information I found out that 4 out of 20 people were subscribed to gaming a magazine, which is nearly quarter of people that I handed out the questionnaire.Sales PromotionMicrosoft needs to work with the retailers to produce the best sale promotions from its competitors. They need to make offers such as buy the Xbox and receive free games with it. They have started to do this with different retailers, as you can see below I found this on the Internet, it was a offer, you got the console, an extra controller, Halo, and a free copy of MGS2 Substance which just has been on released on the Xbox on 28/03/2003.Xbox Console + Joytech Controller + Halo + FREE MGS2 Substancestreet price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½257.96gameplay price:à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½199.99you save: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 57.97FREE DELIVERYà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½312.48 currency converterUsually sent within 3 dayscategory: Hardwareage: 15 years old and above.Promotion from www.gameplay.comMicrosoft needs to continue doing this working with the retailers and also giving the retailers trade discounts so they can pass on the savings to the public so they can buy the Xbox.Personal SellingMicrosoft needs to sell the Xbox personally because they need to target their audience so they can market their product to the right people who are willing to purchase the Xbox. I feel that Xbox should do this buy sending leaflets explaining what the Xbox is about, to schools, youth centers and colleges, where mainly the age group that they are targeting usually are.Public RelationsMicrosoft needs PR because it is free and also the Xbox can be promoted for free. For Microsoft there are many third party magazines about the Xbox, as you can see from the picture that there is a magazine which has been produced by a third party company, they need to continue to build their brand so third party magazine companies have a interest in them and also when people go to the Newsagent they might decide to buy the magazine and decide to buy the console. Also the Xbox has been through many newspaper reviews, newspapers cannot do reviews if a company does not advertise or continue to promote the product, Microsoft needs to continue this, when the public read the reviews about the Xbox that might decide them to purchase the Xbox.Direct mailMicrosoft needs to use direct mail because they need to market their Xbox to certain members of the public, who are willing to buy the Xbox. They can use many different ways in which they can promote the Xbox using direct mail.When you buy an Xbox you are given a registration card to fill in ; send back to the company, when the people send back the registration card Microsoft will have knowledge of who has purchased their console. Microsoft can use this information to send promotional materi al to their existing customers; Microsoft can use this information to send special offers to existing customers. The special offer can include, that if a family member or a friend of a existing customer buys a Xbox console they are given a free game; this will appeal to Microsoft because they are using existing customers to market their Xbox to new customers, who might be in the same age group, or they might fit into the same criteria which Xbox are looking to market their Xbox at.Also Microsoft can use these two other methods:SponsorshipMicrosoft Xbox has sponsored Linkin Parks Projekt: Revolution tour, which included bands such as, Cypress Hill, Adema and DJ-ZTRIP. The 19-city tour started on Jan. 29 in Colorado Springs and concluded in Las Vegas Feb. 24.Linkin ParkPhoto: APThe tour sponsorship marked the first deal between the game and a music partner. Also Xbox is in year two of a three-year Agreement with footwear company Vans and PepsiCos SoBe. Late last year Xbox concluded it s launch marketing program with Tricon Global Restaurants Taco Bell. The Xbox will likely partner with a soft drink brand by the summer, said Cindy Spodek-Dickey, group manager or national consumer promotions and sponsorships for Xbox.Microsoft needs to sponsor big band concerts such as the Linkin Parks concert, because bands like Linkin Park attract huge audiences to their concerts, with the Xbox logo all round the stage people will see the Xbox logo and they might decide to buy it, also what Microsoft can do is that before the concert begins they can show linkin Park playing the console and having fun, this may also lead the audience to go out and buy the Xbox because they will see their favorite band playing the Xbox.Internet PromotionMicrosoft can also promote the Xbox by using Internet promotion, they can do this by using e-mail because a person might be registered with a gaming website and they might receive gaming news every fortnight they might links of stores websites where you can purchase the Xbox, Xbox can pay these websites to do this. Also Xbox have advertised on their own official website where they give you a list of the places where you can purchase the Xbox, this is because if someone visits the website and they decide that the Xbox is the console for them they do not have to leave there seat and they can chose the best package deal for them. This is good because from my primary research I found that 5 out of 20 people I handed out the questionnaire purchased their gaming related products from the Internet.